Convert Currency Joliet

Plectics, Groups, Autopoiesis, Logoi, Topoi, Biosemiosis, Orders, Teletics

Holonomic-Anholonomic Coordinates, *-Autonomous Categories, Neural Network Models, Orthoalgebraic Semantics, Hyperincursive Automata, Ontology Mapping, Evolutionary Innovation, Quantum-Coherent Cross-Temporal Teleo-Cybernetic Feedback-Entanglement.

Upon this gifted age, in this dark hour, Falls from the sky a meteoric showerOf facts...they lie unquestioned, uncombined.Wisdom enough to leach us of our illIs daily spun: but there exists no loomto weave it into fabric...(Murray Gell-Mann)Entangled concepts, without orientation, Superpositioned ideas, abstract location, Complex dynamics, and polytelic effects, Quantify models, with symmetric events.Information from, compressing the data, Oscillating potentials, generated in theta, Simpler versions, of isotelic connections, Qualify theories, with parallel inflections.Transformation logic, semantic weavings, Concurrent topoi, syntactic interleavings, Multiplexed verse, of enfolded possibility, Quasi presheaves, as unfurled probability.(Hamid Y. Javanbakht)Murray Gell-Mann defines "Plectics" as the "...the study of simplicity and complexity. It includes the various attempts to define complexity; the study of roles of simplicity and complexity and of classical and quantum i...

http://www.art-sciencefactory.com/complexity-map_feb09.html
www.visualcomplexity.com Everything on Facebook now: http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=75661813145

An Introduction to Simplexity:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccndmDMMSAA&feature=PlayList&p=FFBE110987AACC6D&index=0&playnext=1 Complexity: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity The Stone Gamut: A Coordinatization of Mathematics: http://boole.stanford.edu/pub/gamut.pdf
Mathematicians Map E8: http://aimath.org/E8/ Chaos, Algebra & Topology:
Journal of Modern Dynamics:
The Journal of Modern Dynamics (JMD) is dedicated to publishing research articles in active and promising areas in the theory of dynamical systems with particular emphasis on the mutual interaction between dynamics and other major areas of mathematical research, including:

Number theory, Symplectic geometry, Differential geometry, Rigidity, Quantum chaos, Teichmller theory, Geometric group theory, Harmonic analysis on manifolds. http://www.math.psu.edu/jmd/
Institute for Advanced Study: http://www.ias.edu/
The Kavli Institutes:
http://www.kavlifoundation.org/institutes/
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics: http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/
Santa Fe Institute: http://www.santafe.edu/
Visions of a Sustainable World (1990):http://www.santafe.edu/research/publications/workingpapers/90-021.pdf
Murray Gell-Mann defines "Plectics" as the "...the study of simplicity and complexity. It includes the various attempts to define complexity; the study of roles of simplicity and complexity and of classical and quantum information in the history of the universe, the physics of information; the study of non-linear dynamics, including chaos theory, strange attractors, and self-similarity in complex non-adaptive systems in physical science; and the study of complex adaptive systems, including prebiotic chemical evolution, biological evolution, the behaviour of individual organisms, the functioning of ecosystems, the operation of mammalian immune systems, learning and thinking, the evolution of human languages, the rise and fall of human cultures, the behaviour of markets, and the operation of computers that are designed or programmed to evolve strategies - say, for playing chess, or solving problems."
Murray Gell-Mann is a founding memberand currently a distinguished fellow atSFI as well as the Robert AndrewsMillikan Professor Emeritus at theCalifornia Institute of Technology, wherehe joined the faculty in 1955. Hisresearch focuses on plectics, thestudy of simplicity and complexity, scaling, and the evolution of languages.
"a broad transdisciplinary subject covering aspects of simplicity and complexity as well as the properties ofcomplex adaptive systems, including composite complex adaptive systems consisting of many adaptive agents."
Nonextensive Entropy-Interdisciplinary Applications (Edited by Murray Gell-Mann and Constantino Tsallis):
The present book constitutes a pedagogical effort that reflects the presentations and discussion at the International Workshop on "Interdisciplinary Applications of Ideas from Nonextensive Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics, " held at the Santa Fe Institute in New Mexico from April 8--12, 2002. The participants, close to 60 in number, were scientists at both junior and senior levels from Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Mexico, Poland, and the U.S.A. The subjects of the chapters relate to dynamical, physical, geophysical, biological, economic, financial, and social systems, and to networks, linguistics, and plectics.http://www.santafe.edu/research/publications/bookinforev/statmech-preface.php
Let's Call it Plectics: "A decade ago, when the Santa Fe Institute was being organized, I coined a word for our principal area of research, a broad transdisciplinary subject covering aspects of simplicity and complexity as well as the properties of complex adaptive systems, including composite complex adaptive systems consisting of many adaptive agents. Unfortunately, I became discouraged about using the term after it met with a lukewarm response from a few of my colleagues. I comforted myself with the thought that perhaps a special name was unnecessary. Perhaps I should have been more forceful. A name seems to be inevitable. Various authors are now toying with such neologisms as "complexology, " which has a Latin head and a Greek tail and does not refer to simplicity. In this note, I should like to try to make up for lost time and put forward what I have long considered to be the best name for our area of study, if it has to have one. ... It is appropriate that plectics refers to entanglement or the lack thereof, since entanglement is a key feature of the way complexity arises out of simplicity, making our subject worth studying. For example, all of us human beings and all the objects with which we deal are essentially bundles of simple quarks and electrons. If each of those particles had to be in its own independent state, we could not exist and neither could the other objects. It is the entanglement of the states of the particles that is responsible for matter as we know it. Likewise, if the parts of a complex system or the various aspects of a complex situation, all defined in advance, are studied carefully by experts on those parts or aspects and the results of their work are pooled, an adequate description of the whole system or situation does not usually emerge. The reason, of course, is that these parts or aspects are typically entangled with one another. We have to supplement the partial studies with a transdisciplinary "crude look at the whole, " and practitioners of plectics often do just that.
I hope that it is not too late for the name "plectics" to catch on. We seem to need it." http://www.santafe.edu/~mgm/Site/Publications_files/MGM%20118.pdf
"It is interesting to note, therefore, that the two words are related. The Indo-European root *plek- gives rise to the Latin verb plicare, to fold, which yields simplex, literally once folded, from which our English word "simple" derives. But *plek- likewise gives the Latin past participle plexus, braided or entwined, from which is derived complexus, literally braided together, responsible for the English word "complex." The Greek equivalent to plexus is pletoV (plektos), yielding the mathematical term "symplectic, " which also has the literal meaning braided together, but comes to English from Greek rather than Latin. The name that I propose for our subject is "plectics, " derived, like mathematics, ethics, politics, economics, and so on, from the Greek. Since plektos with no prefix comes from *plek-, but without any commitment to the notion of "once" as in "simple" or to the notion of "together" as in "complex, " the derived word "plectics" can cover both simplicity and complexity." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plectics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopoiesis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topos
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosemiotics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesi s
Murray Gell-Mann's Research: http://www.santafe.edu/~mgm/Site/Research.html
What is Complexity? (by Murray Gell-Mann): http://www.scribd.com/doc/7887206/COMPLEXITY-by-Murray-Gell-Mann
Effective Complexity as a Measure of Information Content:

"Murray GellMann has proposed the concept of effective complexity as a measure of information content. The effective complexity of a string of digits is defined as the algorithmic complexity of the regular component of the string. This paper argues that the effective complexity of a given string is not uniquely determined. The effective complexity of a string admitting a physical interpretation, such as an empirical data set, depends on the cognitive and practical interests of investigators. The effective complexity of a string as a purely formal construct, lacking a physical interpretation, is either close to zero, or equal to the strings algorithmic complexity, or arbitrary, depending on the auxiliary criterion chosen to pick out the regular component of the string. Because of this flaw, the concept of effective complexity is unsuitable as a measure of information content."
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/375469?cookieSet=1&journalCode=phos
Evolution, Complexity, Information Theory, and Entropy: http://library.nyu.edu/research/subjects/science/complexity/
Plectics: The Study of Simplicity and Complexity (by Murray Gell-Mann in Europhysics News): http://www.europhysicsnews.org/index.php?option=article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/epn/pdf/2002/01/epn02105.pdf
The Simple and the Complex (by Murray Gell-Mann in Complexity, Global Politics, and National Security): http://www.dodccrp.org/html4/bibliography/comch01.html Regularities and Randomness: Evolving Schemata in Science and the Arts (by Murray Gell-Mann in Art and Complexity): http://books.google.be/books?id=MKOUgd39QkcC&lpg=PP1&hl=en&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q=&f=false Plectics (by Murray Gell-Mann, Chapter 19 of Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution): http://www.edge.org/documents/ThirdCulture/zc-Ch.19.html
VisWiki on Plectics and Lecture on "Plectic Thinking":
http://www.viswiki.com/en/Plectics
Simplexity (by Jeffrey Kluger): http://www.simplexitybook.com/SimplexityVideos.html
Books Which Mention "Plectics": http://books.google.com/books?q=plectics&btnG=Search+Books Organizations and Their Management (by Bertram Myron Gross, on"Teletics"): http://books.google.be/books?id=bHsTAAAAMAAJ&q=teletics&dq=teletics&hl=en
From Cybernetics to Plectics: A Practical Approach to Systems Enquiry in Engineering:

"The most prominent systems theories from the 20th century are reviewed in this chapter and the arguments of complex system theorists is supported who use the term plec-tics instead of the overused and ambiguous systems science and systems theory. It is claimed that the measurement of complex systems cannot be separated from their modelling as the boundaries between the specific steps of the scientific method are necessarily blurred. A critical and extended interpretation of the complex system modelling method is provided and the importance of discipline-specific paradigms and their systematic interdisciplinary transfer is proposed."
http://www.springerlink.com/content/txp3414750v3r011/
Intelligent Engineering Systems and Computational Cybernetics (2009):
Engineering practice often has to deal with complex systems of multiple variable and multiple parameter models almost always with strong non-linear coupling. The conventional analytical techniques-based approaches for describing and predicting the behaviour of such systems in many cases are doomed to failure from the outset, even in the phase of the construction of a more or less appropriate mathematical model. These approaches normally are too categorical in the sense that in the name of modelling accuracy they try to describe all the structural details of the real physical system to be modelled. This can significantly increase the intricacy of the model and may result in a enormous computational burden without achieving considerable improvement of the solution. The best paradigm exemplifying this situation may be the classic perturbation theory: the less significant the achievable correction, the more work has to be invested to obtain it. A further important component of machine intelligence is a kind of structural uniformity giving room and possibility to model arbitrary particular details a priori not specified and unknown. This idea is similar to the ready-to-wear industry, which introduced products, which can be slightly modified later on in contrast to tailor-made creations aiming at maximum accuracy from the beginning. These subsequent corrections can be carried out by machines automatically. This learning ability is a key element of machine intelligence.The past decade confirmed that the view of typical components of the present soft computing as fuzzy logic, neural computing, evolutionary computation and probabilistic reasoning are of complementary nature and that the best results can be applied by their combined application. Today, the two complementary branches of Machine Intelligence, that is, Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence serve as the basis of Intelligent Engineering Systems. The huge number of scientific results published in Journal and conference proceedings worldwide substantiates this statement. The present book contains several articles taking different viewpoints in the field of intelligent systems. http://books.google.com/books?id=AZ8cwjSqIv8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s
The Extended Mind: The Emergence of Language, the Human Mind, and Culture (Robert K. Logan, pg. 17-19 on plectics):
Building on his previous study, The Sixth Language (2000) and making use of emergence theory, Logan seeks to explain how language emerged to deal with the complexity of hominid existence brought about by tool-making, control of fire, social intelligence, coordinated hunting and gathering, and mimetic communication. The resulting emergence of language, he argues, signifies a fundemental change in the functioning of the human mind a shift from percept-based thought to concept-based thought. From the perspective of the Extended Mind model, Logan provides an alternative to and critique of Noam Chomskys approach to the origin of language. He argues that language can be treated as an organism that evolved to be easily acquired, obviating the need for the hard-wiring of Chomskys Language Acquisition Device. In addition Logan shows how, according to this model, culture itself can be treated as an organism that has evolved to be easily attained, revealing the universality of human culture as well as providing an insight as to how altruism might have originated. http://books.google.com/books?id=NYBJEmqhHlAC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Group Theory: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/topics/GroupTheory.html
Randomness and Complexity (By Cristian Calude, Gregory J. Chaitin): http://books.google.com/books?id=RUedyFupPY4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Thinking about Gdel and Turing (ByGregory J. Chaitin, Paul Davies):
Dr Gregory Chaitin, one of the world's leading mathematicians, is best known for his discovery of the remarkable [Omega] number, a concrete example of irreducible complexity in pure mathematics which shows that mathematics is infinitely complex. In this volume, Chaitin discusses the evolution of these ideas, tracing them back to Leibniz and Borel as well as Godel and Turing. http://books.google.com/books?id=DS7AOrIw8bkC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Hypercomplexity:
What is biological complexity? How many sorts exist? Are there levels of complexity? How are they related to one another? How is complexity related to the emergence of new phenotypes? To try to get to grips with these questions, we consider the archetype of a complex biological system, Escherichia coli. We take the position that E. coli has been selected to survive adverse conditions and to grow in favourable ones and that many other complex systems undergo similar selection. We invoke the concept of hyperstructures which constitute a level of organisation intermediate between macromolecules and cells. We also invoke a new concept, competitive coherence, to describe how phenotypes are created by a competition between maintaining a consistent story over time and creating a response that is coherent with respect to both internal and external conditions. We suggest how these concepts lead to parameters suitable for describing the rich form of complexity termed hypercomplexity and we propose a relationship between competitive coherence and emergence. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16583272
Complex Networks (Course CSYS/Math 303, Spring 2009, University of Vermont):
Complex networks crucially underpin much of the real and synthetic world. Networks distribute and redistribute information, water, food, and energy. Networks can be constituted by physical pipes, embodied in relationships carried in people's minds, or manifested by economic interdependencies. In the past decade, building on work in a wide range of disciplines, many (but certainly not all) advances have been made in understanding all manner of complex networks such as the World Wide Web, social and organizational networks, biochemical networks, and transportation networks. In this special topics course, we will explore the evolving field of complex networks by reading and discussing seminal and recent papers, and developing mathematical and algorithmic results where they exist. The level will be graduate/advanced undergraduate.
Overview of Potential Projects, Overview of Complex Networks, Branching Networks I, Branching Networks II, Optimal Supply Networks, Random Networks, Applications of Random Networks, Contagion on Random Networks, Assortativity, Diffusion (just a little), Generalized Contagion, Centrality, Structure Detection in Networked Systems, Scale-Free Networks, Small-World Networks, References. http://www.uvm.edu/~pdodds/teaching/courses/2009-01UVM-303/content/lectures.html http://www.uvm.edu/~pdodds/teaching/courses/2009-06SFI-networks/index.html http://www.santafe.edu/events/workshops/index.php/Main_Page
Networks and Complex Systems (Spring 2009 Talk Series): http://vw.indiana.edu/talks-spring09/
University of Michigan, Center for the Study of Complex Systems: http://www.cscs.umich.edu/about/about.html
Complexity Digest, Networking the Complexity Community: http://turing.iimas.unam.mx/~comdig/
Swarm Dynamics, Semiotics, Intelligence, Modeling: http://www.zulenet.com/see/swarm.html
Thinking in Complexity: The Computational Dynamics of Matter, Mind, and Mankind: http://books.google.com/books?id=VWgDkNdX9AgC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Systems Thinking: Managing Chaos and Complexity: A Platform for Designing Business Architecture (Jamshid Gharajedaghi): http://www.scribd.com/doc/17455308/Complexity
Anholonomic (or Nonholonomic) Systems: Inphysicsandmathematics, is asystemwhose state depends on the path taken to achieve it. Such a system is described by a set ofparameterssubject todifferential constraints, such that when the system evolves along a path in itsparameter space, (the parameters varying continuously in values) but finally returns to the original set of values at the start of the path, the system itself may not have returned to its original state. More precisely, a nonholonomic system, also called an anholonomic system, is one in which there is a continuous closed circuit of the governing parameters, by which the system may be transformed from any given state to any other state.Because the final state of the system depends on the intermediate values of its trajectory through parameter space, the system can not be represented by a conservative potential function as can, for example, the inverse square law of the gravitational force. This latter is an example of a holonomic system: path integrals in the system depend only upon the initial and final states of the system (positions in the potential), completely independent of the trajectory of transition between those states. The system is therefore said to beintegrable, while the nonholonomic system is said to benonintegrable. When a path integral is computed in a nonholonomic system, the value represents a deviation within some range of admissible values and this deviation is said to be ananholonomyproduced by the specific path under consideration. This term was introduced byHeinrich Hertzin 1894. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonholonomic_system
Patent Law and Technology Transfer Interest Group: http://sigs.nih.gov/patent/Pages/default.aspx
Peter K. Yu (Intellectual Property Law): http://www.peteryu.com/praeger.htm
Securing Innovation: Managing Intellectual Property, Patents, Trademarks, and Trade Secrets: http://www.securinginnovation.com/
Survey and Synthesis of Current Innovation Approaches: http://www.scribd.com/doc/236206/Survey-and-Synthesis-of-Current-Innovation-Approaches
Ontology: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)
Mereology: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mereology
Teleology: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology
Concurrency (Computer Science): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)
Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory: http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/
Protg is afree, open sourceontology editor and knowledge-base framework: http://protege.stanford.edu/
An Intrepid Guide to Ontologies: http://www.mkbergman.com/?p=374
Buffalo Ontology Site: http://ontology.buffalo.edu/
Ontolinguistics: How Ontological Status Shapes the Linguistic Coding of Concepts (2007): http://books.google.com/books?id=xxxyZo5A_gEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Ontological Foundations of Knowledge Engineering (1993):
The formal representation of aspects related to space, matter, structure and function still constitutes a bottleneck for all problems related to the representation of physical entities like mechanical artifacts. The goal of the project on Logical Modelling of Mechanical Assemblies is to develop a unified logical theory accounting both for the qualitative features of simple mechanical parts (topology, dimension, form, orientation, mechanical properties of faces, edges, slots, holes...) and the possible relations among them (relative position, contact, mechanical connection, support), at different levels of granularity. Such a unified theory may play a crucial role in the integration of product data for applications in concurrent engineering and enterprise integration, since current standardisation tools like ISO-10303 (STEP) are mostly based on geometrical modelling, and a rigorous cha-racterization of qualitative features is still lacking. The relationships between mereology, topology, geometry and teleology are among the major technical issues of this project. A preliminary study has been made on the characterization of part-whole relations and on the ontological relationships between space and matter. http://www.ercim.org/publication/Ercim_News/enw25/guarino.html
Steps Towards an Ontology Based Learning Environment: http://www.slideshare.net/kismihok/eclo2009kismihok
Adaptive Ontology Re-Use:Finding and Re-Using Sub-Ontologies:
The discovery of the right ontology or ontology part is a central ingredient for effective ontology re-use. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach for supporting a form of adaptive re-use of sub-ontologies, where the ontologies are deeply integrated beyond pure referencing.
Design/methodology/approach Starting from an ontology draft which reflects the intended modeling perspective, the ontology engineer can be supported by suggesting similar already existing sub-ontologies and ways for integrating them with the existing draft ontology. This paper's approach combines syntactic, linguistic, structural and logical methods into an innovative modeling-perspective aware solution for detecting matchings between concepts from different ontologies. This paper focuses on the discovery and matching phase of this re-use process.
Findings Owing to the combination of techniques presented in this general approach, the work described performs in the general case as well as approaches tailored for a specific usage scenario.
Research limitations/implications The methods used rely on lexical information obtained from the labels of the concepts and properties in the ontologies, which makes this approach appropriate in cases where this information is available. Also, this approach can handle some missing label information.
Practical implications Ontology engineering tasks can take advantage from the proposed adaptive re-use approach in order to re-use existing ontologies or parts of them without introducing inconsistencies in the resulting ontology.
Originality/value The adaptive re-use of ontologies by finding and partially re-using parts of existing ontological resources for building new ontologies is a new idea in the field, and the inclusion of the modeling perspective in the computation of the matches adds a new perspective that could also be exploited by other matching approaches. http://www.l3s.de/~stecher/papers/IJWIS08-Vol4-Num2.pdf
A Harmony Based Adaptive Ontology Mapping Approach: http://www.dit.unitn.it/~p2p/RelatedWork/Matching/SWW3692.pdf
Emotional Cognitive Agents with Adaptive Ontologies: http://www.springerlink.com/content/k4g3h14t461p57g2/
Adaptive Ontology-Based Navigation: http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~acristea/A3H/camera-ready08/saloun-velart.pdf
Semantic Technology Conference: http://www.semantic-conference.com/
NorthSide Inc., Language-Based Interaction with Machines: http://www.northsideinc.com/
Deutsche Forschungszentrum fr Knstliche Intelligenz (German Center for Artificial Intelligence): http://www.dfki.de/
Cycorp: http://www.cyc.com/
MITRE: http://www.mitre.org/

Information Retrieval Facility:

Like no other facility in the world, the IRF provides a powerful supercomputing infrastructure that is exclusively concerned with semantic processing of text. It has at its heart a huge collection of documents representing the global archive of ideas and inventions in an environment, which allows large-scale scientific experiments on ways to manage and retrieve this knowledge.
http://www.ir-facility.org/
UMBC eBiquity: Building Intelligent Systems in Open, Heterogeneous, Dynamic, Distributed Environments:
Our research explores the interactions between mobile and pervasive computing, the (semantic) web and web 2.0/3.0/4.0, multi-agent systems and artificial intelligence, security/privacy/trust, and services.Group membershave research interests in the underlying areas, such as distributed systems, wireless networking, pervasive/mobile systems, ad-hoc networks, knowledge representation and reasoning, data management and databases, information retrieval, machine learning, personalization, security and privacy, web/data-mining, multi-agent systemsand HPCC. Our research is driven by applications in the e-sevices area -- context aware environments (meeting rooms, surgical suites), social media and blogosphere, wireless web, VANETs, e-commerce and m-commerce, etc. http://ebiquity.umbc.edu/us/
NetBase: Research Smarter Faster: http://netbase.com/index.php http://www.accelovation.com/ http://illumin8.com/home.php
The Shift from Information Retrieval to Synthesis:
"Grand challenges such as public health, security, genomics, environmental protection, education, and economics, are characterized by complexity, interdependence, globalization, and unpredictability. Although the unprecedented quantity of information surrounding these challenges can provide users with a new perspective on solutions, the data surrounding complex systems vary with respect to levels of structure and authority, and include vastly different contexts and vocabularies. To be successful in this domain we must extend our models of information science such that they operate successfully in environments where the quantity of relevant information far exceeds our human processing capacity. For example, the well-accepted precision and recall metrics break down when hundreds of thousands of documents are relevant. Solutions to grand challenges require that information scientists shift their focus from information retrieval towards information synthesis. Systems that synthesize information support serendipity and experimentation, and enable the generation of patterns that no individual has previously considered. In keeping with the socio-technical core of information science, models of synthesis provide a mixed-initiative approach and solve tasks cooperatively with a domain expert [1]. Such systems build on theories and methodologies from the human-computer interaction, computer supported co-operative work, and information visualization communities. Information synthesis systems generate knowledge for human problem-solvers who may not yet recognize their information need." http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/2526/01/BlakeAnderson.pdf
mArachna - Applying Natural Language Processing Techniques to Ontology Engineering (2007): http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=4281096
Natural Language Processing and Information Systems (2007): http://books.google.com/books?id=Vjf6qqsFwfgC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Infocognition, Metalogic & Grammars
Sheaf (Mathematics): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_(mathematics)
Sheaf Semantics for Concurrent Interacting Objects:
This paper proposes a new model theoretic approach to concurrency based on sheaves. Sheaf theory developed in mathematics for studying relationships between local and global phenomena, and has also been applied in algebraic geometry, differential geometry, analysis, and even logic. It has been given an abstract form using category theory [29, 28], which among other things provides some general results about limits that are used in this paper. From the point of view of concurrency theory, it seems suggestive to think of sheaves as a generalisation of trace models. Sheaves handle real time systems, and variation over space as well as over time, either discrete or continuous, in fact over any topological space, in a very natural way. http://www.citeulike.org/pdf/user/isotelesis/article/3717500/goguen_92_sheaf.pdf

Type (Model Theory): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(model_theory)
Type Theory: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_theory
*-Autonomous Categories: Quantifiers in Action: Generalized Quantification in Query, Logical and Natural Languages (by Michael Barr and Po-Hsiang Chu): http://books.google.com/books?id=WC4pkt3m5b0C
Concurrent ontology and the extensional conception of attribute (Vaughan Pratt):
By analogy with the extension of a type as the set of individuals of that type, we define the extension of an attribute as the set of states of an idealized observer of that attribute, observing concurrently with observers of other attributes. The attribute-theoretic counterpart of an operation mapping individuals of one type to individuals of another is a dependency mapping states of one attribute to states of another. We integrate attributes with types via a symmetric but not self-dual framework of dipolar algebras or disheaves amounting to a type-theoretic notion of Chu space over a family of sets of qualia doubly indexed by type and attribute, for example the set of possible colors of a ball or heights of buildings. We extend the sheaf-theoretic basis for type theory to a notion of disheaf on a profunctor. Applications for this framework include the Web Ontology Language OWL, UML, relational databases, medical information systems, geographic databases, encyclopedias, and other data-intensive areas standing to benefit from a precise ontological framework coherently accommodating types and attributes. Keywords: Attribute, Chu space, ontology, presheaf, type. http://conconto.stanford.edu/conconto.pdf http://chu.stanford.edu/
http://chu.stanford.edu/guide.html
http://boole.stanford.edu/pratt.html http://boole.stanford.edu/abstracts.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan_Pratt
A Historical Note on "Geometry and Concurrency" (Eric Goubault): http://www.di.ens.fr/~goubault/index1.html
Conceptual Mathematics (F.W. Lawvere, Stephen Hoel Schanuel):
In the last fifty years, the use of the notion of 'category' has led to a remarkable unification and simplification of mathematics. Written by two of the best known participants in this development, Conceptual Mathematics is the first book to serve as a skeleton key to mathematics for the general reader or beginning student and as an introduction to categories for computer scientists, logicians, physicists, linguists etc. While the ideas and techniques of basic category theory are useful throughout modern mathematics, this book does not presuppose knowledge of specific fields but rather develops elementary categories such as directed graphs and discrete dynamical systems from the beginning. The fundamental ideas are then illuminated in an engaging way by examples in these categories. http://books.google.com/books?id=o1tHw4W5MZQC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
A Categorical Manifesto (1991, Joseph A. Goguen): http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/old/goguen91categorical.html
nCatLab: http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/HomePage
The n-Category Caf (John Baez, a group blog on math, physics and philosophy): http://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/
What is Category Theory? (2006): http://books.google.com/books?id=tVOuvxqhBxwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Perspectives of Neural-Symbolic Integration (2007): http://books.google.com/books?id=gCGTN2lmwD8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Neural Information Processing (2008):
The second volume contains 112 contributions related to statistical and pattern recognition algorithms, neuromorphic hardware and implementations, robotics, data mining and knowledge discovery, real world applications, cognitive and hybrid intelligent systems, bioinformatics, neuroinformatics, brain-conputer interfaces, and novel approaches. http://books.google.com/books?id=noYjY8rMilEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Artificial General Intelligence (2008): http://books.google.com/books?id=a_ZR81Z25z0C&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Functional Models of Cognition (2000):
Readership: psychologists, cognitive scientists, theorists working in complexity theory, self-organization theory, synergetics, semantics of natural language and mereology, philosophers, epistemologists. http://books.google.com/books?id=KKSx1rM2YCUC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Cognitive Processing Journal: http://www.springerlink.com/content/1612-4782
Cognitive Neurodynamics Journal: http://www.springerlink.com/content/1871-4080
Computational Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (Indiana University): http://www.indiana.edu/~cortex/
Neuroscience Databases (By Rolf Ktter, 2002): http://books.google.com/books?id=QZsuEzuOlhEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
A.I., CogSci and Robotics: http://www.transit-port.net/AI.CogSci.Robotics/robotics.html
A Complex Systems Perspective on the "Computation vs. Dynamics" Debate in Cognitive Science (Melanie Mitchell, Santa Fe Institute): http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~mm/cogsci98.pdf
Society for Complex Systems in Cognitive Science: http://pdl.brain.riken.jp/scscs/
Dynamicist Cognitive Science: http://www.phil.mq.edu.au/staff/jsutton/CogSciDynamicism.html
The Continuous and the Infinitesimal in Mathematics and Philosophy: http://books.google.com/books?id=Eq8ZualfMRkC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Information Flow: The Logic of Distributed Systems: http://books.google.com/books?id=Mawadg55eg4C
A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems:
Volume I: Agenda Relevance: A Study in Formal Pragmatics: http://books.google.com/books?id=x2sqXzdmn8MC
Volume II: The Reach of Abduction: Insight and Trial: http://books.google.com/books?id=UULl07dutBwC
Applying Prolog to Semantic Web Ontologies & Rules Moving Toward Description Logic Programs: http://www.mitre.org/work/tech_papers/tech_papers_07/06_0917/ Theories of Geographic Concepts: Ontological Approaches to Semantic Integration: Most widely available approaches to semantic integration provide ad-hoc, non-systematic, subjective manual mappings that lead to procrustean amalgamations to fit the target standard, an outcome that pleases no one. Written by experts in the field, Theories of Geographic Concepts: Ontological Approaches to Semantic Integration emphasizes the real issues involved in integrating existing geo-ontologies. http://books.google.com/books?id=YzVUcZj65CQC&dq=infomorphism&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Alexander Okhotin (Formal Language and Automata Theory, Language Equations): http://users.utu.fi/aleokh/
Kazem Mahdavi (Group Theory, Universal Algebra) http://books.google.com/books?q=Kazem+Mahdavi&btnG=Search+Books
M. Alsani (Descent & Category Theory) http://north.ecc.edu/alsani/descent.html
Barbara J. Grosz (Artificial Intelligence, Collaborative Planning and Human-Computer Communication) http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/grosz/
Jakub Szymanik (Philosophical Logic, Computational Linguistics and Cognitive Science) http://staff.science.uva.nl/~szymanik/
Alessio Guglielmi (Proof Theory from a Theoretical Computer Science perspective) http://alessio.guglielmi.name/res/index.html
Joseph Goguen (Information Integration, ontologies, database semantics, schema mapping) http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~goguen/
Reinhard Blutner (Quantum Cognition): http://amor.rz.hu-berlin.de/~h0998dgh/
The Human-Computer Interaction Fundamentals (2009):
In sixteen highly focused chapters, this book puts the spotlight on the fundamental issues involved in the technology of human-computer interactions as well as the users themselves. Derived from select chapters inThe Human-Computer Interaction Handbook, this volume emphasizes emerging topics such as sensor based interactions, tangible interfaces, augmented cognition, cognition under stress, ubiquitous and wearable computing, and privacy and security. It explores human information processing, motivation, emotion in HCI, sensor-based input solutions, and accessibility/diversity issues. The book features visionary perspectives and developments that fundamentally transform the way in which researchers and practitioners view this discipline.
Teletic Work and Motivational Affordances:
Teletic, or autoteletic, work refers to "work" that is experienced as enjoyable and is associated with flow or optimal experience characterized by a sense of well being and harmony with one's surroundings (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) There is variation in both tasks and individuals with respect to the degree to which the human-technology interaction is teletic. There are four categories in which individuals tend to fall with respect to their relation to work. http://books.google.com/books?id=npLEMUzgQ_0C&pg=PA99&dq=autoteletic
Metamotivational States:
Reversal Theory is - at its essence - a theory of the structure of mental life. Developed by Dr. Michael Apter, Reversal Theory emphasizes the complexity, changeability, and inconsistency of behavior, and proposes that individuals can and do regularly reverse between psychological states, depending upon the meaning and motives felt by thatindividual. http://www.reversaltheory.org/RT_TheoryGlos.htm
Nonlinearity and Teleology:
In contemporary analyses, teleological narratives are often mistakenly opposed to "nonlinear" narratives. Many secular teleologists throughout history describedtelosas a product of feedback, not as a direct cause separate from the process it is said to guide. Moreover, in many teleological accounts of causation, a telic state is seen as the inevitable result ofrandominteractions. The importance of chance to the concept ofteloshas been ignored by arguments that have confused nonlinear telic causality with reductive material causality. Today nonlinear dynamics theorists and structural evolutionary theorists use the terms "structural attractors, " "emergent complexity, " and "self-organization" to describe the same kinds of phenomena that interested Aristotle, Kant, Bergson, and many other teleologists and vitalists. http://www.dactyl.org/directors/vna/Pasadena_Talk.htm
CiteULike: http://www.citeulike.org/user/msakai http://www.citeulike.org/user/isotelesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/scis0000001 http://www.citeulike.org/user/Scis0000002
Institute for Logic, Language, and Computation: http://www.illc.uva.nl/ http://www.illc.uva.nl/Publications/reportlist.php?Series=PP
Journal of Logic, Language, and Information: http://www.springer.com/philosophy/logic/journal/10849
Association for Logic, Language, and Information: http://folli.loria.fr/
European Summer School in Logic, Language, and Information: http://esslli2009.labri.fr/
North American Summer School in Logic, Language, and Information: http://www.indiana.edu/~nasslli/ http://www.nasslli.com/
Boundary Institute, Foundations of Physics, Mathematics, and Computer Science: http://boundary.org/bi/index.html
Group Theory and Computational Linguistics: http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=595932
Lambek Calculus and Noncommutative Logic: http://lpcs.math.msu.su/~pentus/abstr.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_logic
Linear Logic: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_logic
The Oxford handbook of philosophy of mathematics and logic: http://books.google.com/books?id=GU3lV1xoWC8C
Metalogic: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalogic
A Meta-logical Approach for Multi-agent Communication of Semantic Web Information:
The success of the semantic web would be determined by how easy and uniform to access to and exchange of the semantic information among computers. In this paper we have developed a framework of multi-agent communication of the Semantic Web information. The agent and the communication between agents are characterized in meta-logic. One single agent, understood as a meta-logical system, adopts ademo(.) predicate as its inference engine and meta-programstransformed from some Semantic Web ontologiesas its assumptions. Such an agent can reason with its assumptions as well as other agents assumptions. With this ability, when several agents are created by using this framework, the community of these agents can uniformly communicate the Semantic Web information between each other on the Internet. http://www.springerlink.com/content/y578t3k578541452/ http://www.waset.org/pwaset/v10/v10-20.pdf
Communication heuristics in distributed combinatorial search algorithms: http://www.springerlink.com/content/fj734q8271p718x9/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_optimization
Parallel Problem Solving From Nature: http://books.google.com/books?id=gI26Cld2BY0C&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Orthoalgebraic Semantics and Quantum Linguistics:
Classical truth-functional semantics and almost all of its modifications have a serious problem in treating prototypes and their combinations. Though some modelling variants can account for many puzzling empirical observations, their explanatory value is seldom noteworthy. In recent work by several researchers it has been argued that this explanatory inadequacy is due to the Boolean characteristic of the underlying semantics. These researchers have suggested a proper generalization of Boolean algebras called ortho-algebras (known from quantum information theory). In five lectures, this new and exciting field of research will be discussed: Introduction and motivating examples The mathematics of orthoalgebras A decorated partition theory of questions Quantum probabilities and bounded rationality Prototypicality and complex concepts Many linguistic phenomena have a close analogue to phenomena investigated in quantum physics. Words are floating freely in a polyvalent state representing a variety of different uses. As the properties of small particles are not absolute and determined not until observing them, in language the properties of word tokens are determined not until conscious apprehension. Further, cognitive measures such as salience, typicality or cue validity cannot be modelled properly by classical probabilities. Instead, quantum probabilities were quite useful for handling such quantities. Finally, a quantum framework can be used for integrating logic programs and connectionist systems (representing the phrase space in a dynamic phase space). The aim of a planned workshop is to discuss the applicability of methods known from quantum theory to the study of natural language. The new and exciting field of research will be discussed in three blocks: Vector based retrieval of semantic information (see Widdows, Aerts) Prototype semantics, bounded rationality, and interference effects (see Aerts, Gabora, Busemeyer, Khrennikov, Franco) Representation theory for nonlinear dynamic automata and quantum information theory (see Atmanspacher, beim Graben, Primas) http://www.quantum-cognition.de/
NeuroQuantologyis a journal dedicated to supporting the interdisciplinary exploration of the nature of quantum physics and its relation to the nervous system: http://www.neuroquantology.com/
Quantum Cognition and Quantum Brain Dynamics: http://physik.htu.tugraz.at/wiki/images/9/99/WYOPSOL_TU1.pdf
Quantum Brain, Quantum Mind, & Quantum Consciousness: http://www.quantumbrain.org/ http://www.quantumbrain.org/Abstract2007.html
Emergent Mind: http://www.emergentmind.org/ http://www.emergentmind.org/Theoretical%20Milestones.htm
Holonomic Brain Theory: http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Holonomic_brain_theory
Is This a Unified Theory of the Brain? (Bayesian Neural Network Modeling): http://reverendbayes.wordpress.com/2008/05/29/bayesian-theory-in-new-scientist/
Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience:
Theoretical neuroscience: a sub-discipline within neuroscience which attempts to use mathematical and physical principles to understand the nature of coding, dynamics, circuitry and plasticity in nervous systems. https://redwood.berkeley.edu/wiki/Mission_and_Research
Consciousness and Hyperspace with Saul-Paul Sirag: http://www.intuition.org/txt/sirag.htm
Holonomic and Anholonomic "Coordinates" (Saul-Paul Sirag):
There is a confusion in the literature over the use of the word coordinates. As aresult, in the older literature influenced by J.A. Schouten (1951), the terms holonomiccoordinate system and anholonomic system. are used. And for an anholonomicsystem an anholonomic object is employed. In the newer literature, exemplefied byBernard Schutz (1980), the terms coordinate system and noncoordinate system areused. In this case the anholonomic object is replaced by the Lie algebra structureconstant tensor.A subtle question then arises: is the anholonomic object a tensor. J.F. Corumclaims that the anholonomic object is not a tensor, and can therefore be removed by achange in coordinate system. G. Shipov claims that if the underlying manifold is a noncommutativeLie Group, then the anholonomic object is a tensor and cannot simply becoordinatized away.
I hold that, in this argument, Shipov is correct. The key is to understand therelationships between manifolds and the vector fields which live on them. Also wemust understand the difference between a commutative Lie group and a noncommutativeLie group and the effect which this difference makes on the vector fieldson the respective Lie group manifolds.http://www.stardrive.org/Jack/Holonomy.pdf
Holonomic and Anholonomic Constraints and Coordinates, Frobenius Integrebility and Torsion of Various Types (R. M. Kiehn):http://www22.pair.com/csdc/pdf/anholono.pdf
Consciousness Studies: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Consciousness_studies
Alex Kaivarainen (quantum theory of condensed matter, especially ice and water, and biophysics): http://web.petrsu.ru/~alexk/
Nature, Cognition and Quantum Physics - Peter Marcer: "in computer science, a physical theory - the quantum theory of computation - is now to be regarded as the theory of computation, replacing the mathematical/Turing theory as the correct one, the nature of information is radically extended by the concept of quantum information, beyond what, until now, has generally been accepted in science to be the case, information therefore becomes a new concept on a par with the accepted concept of energy, needing incorporation in understanding physics, and as already experimentally validated, this incorporation radically changes the scientific understanding of how chemistry may be be performed - specifying new designs for chemical systems employing optimally controlled quantum signal induced, rather than approximately thermodynamically induced, chemical reactions." http://www.bcs.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.16175
Cybernetics, Protocomputation & Biosemiotics
The Physics of Information: http://theory.caltech.edu/people/preskill/
Geometric (Holonomic) Gates: http://www.quantiki.org/wiki/index.php/Geometric_(holonomic)_gates
Holonomic Quantum Computing: http://qwiki.stanford.edu/wiki/Holonomic_Quantum_Computing
Systems Thinking, Complex Systems, Chaos Theory, Systems Dynamics, Adaptive Systems, Self-Organization, Self-Control, Autopoiesis, Autonomic Systems, Holonomic Systems, Nonlinear Dynamics, Complexity, Emergence, Sociotechnical Systems, Fractals, Genetic Algorithms, Artificial Life. http://www.brint.com/Systems.htm
Coherent Dynamics of Complex Quantum Systems: http://books.google.com/books?id=pfeT5D_Wsy0C
Quantum Dissipative Systems: http://books.google.com/books?id=4NfnaEsbQq4C
Energy and Information Transfer in Biological Systems: http://books.google.com/books?id=jPDkS1I61vMC
Wholeness and Information Processing in Biological Networks: An Algebraic Study of Network Motifs: http://www.springerlink.com/content/kv0x6332v2t47963/
Cybernetics & Human Knowing: A Journal of Second Order Cybernetics, Autopoiesis, and Cyber-Semiotics: http://www.chkjournal.org/
Rules of Three:
Isotelism, Polytelism, Holotelism
Egalit, Amiti, Libert
Physical, Mental, Platonic Deductive, Inductive, Abductive
Rules of Four:

The axioms (basic rules) for agroupare:

CLOSURE: Ifaandbare in the group thena bis also in the group.
ASSOCIATIVITY: Ifa, bandcare in the group then(a b) c = a (b c).
IDENTITY: There is an elementeof the group such that for any elementaof the group
a e = e a = a.
INVERSES: For any elementaof the group there is an elementa-1such that
- a a-1= e
  and
- a-1 a = e

Rules of Five:
Air, Fire, Water, Earth, Space
"Hologyisa logical analogue of holography characterizing the most general relationship between reality and its contents. It is a form of self-similarity whereby the overall structure of the universe is everywhere distributed within it as accepting and transductive syntax, resulting in a homogeneous syntactic medium." http://www.megafoundation.org/Teleologic/main.htm
"A review of the standard computational theory of language may prove useful. Computation theory recognizes two general types of automata, transducers and acceptors. Transducers convert input to output, while acceptors classify or recognize input consisting of strings of symbols without necessarily producing output.
A finite transducer is a 5-tuple (, Q, , , ), where is a finite nonempty input alphabet, Q is a finite nonempty state set, is a finite nonempty output alphabet, :Q ~> Q is the state transition function, and :Q ~> is the output function. To this we can add a start state q0. Finite transducers ultimately rely on mechanical laws to function, transforming informational input to informational output by transforming their own states.
A finite acceptor is a 5-tuple (Q, , , q0, A), where Q is a nonempty finite set of internal states, is an alphabet, q0, is the start state, and A Q is the set of accepting states. The range of the transition mapping determines the type of acceptor; it is deterministic if :Q~>Q, and nondeterministic if :Q~>2Q (where 2Q represents the power set of possible states). A deterministic finite acceptor (Q, , , q0, A) accepts a string x * iff (q0, x)A. A language is the set of strings accepted by a given automaton or class of automata.
Languages are generated by grammars. In the computational theory of language, a generative (or phrase structure) grammar G is a 4-tuple (N, T, P, ) consisting of (1) a finite set N of nonterminals; (2) a finite nonempty set T of terminals, with NT= and NT = A (the total alphabet of the grammar); (3) a finite set of productions P ((NT)*\T*) (NT)* consisting of nonterminal arguments and their possibly terminal transforms; and (4) an element of N called the starting symbol. The implementation of such a grammar is a deductive process leading from the general to the specific; starting from the most general symbol (which stands for sentence), increasingly specific productions lead to a terminal configuration. The production (x, y), often written x~>y, signifies replacement of x by y, or equivalently, the substitution of y for x. Where A* denotes the set of all strings or words in A, and A*\T* denotes the complement of T* in A*, a word w(A*\T*) generates another word w if w=w1Xw2, w=w1Xw2, and X~>X is a production. The theory of generative grammars classifies them according to the least powerful acceptor that can recognize the languages they generate. Type 0 grammars generate unrestricted languages requiring a universal computer (Turing machine) with unlimited memory; type 1 grammars generate context-sensitive languages requiring a linear-bounded automaton with memory proportional to word length; type 2 grammars generate context-free languages requiring a pushdown automaton with a memory stack in which a fixed number of elements are available at any point; and type 3 grammars generate regular languages requiring a finite deterministic automaton with no memory.
There is an obvious parallel between the states and state transitions of automata, and the strings and productions of a grammar. An automaton processes input strings through its internal states, expressing them in terms of its own internal language. Indeed, a physical automaton in the act of processing an input string can be seen as a dynamic linguistic stratification incorporating the input language, the mutable programming of the automaton (including assembly and machine code), its hard-wired architecture, the nomological language consisting of the laws of physics according to which the hardware functions, and any metaphysical level of language necessary to define and maintain the laws of physics themselves. Since each language in this sequence is expressed in terms of the next one after it, the languages form a descriptive nesting in which the syntax of each distributes over all of those preceding it.
The syntax of a language consists of its grammar and the structure of its expressions. That is, a syntax is a compilation of the spatial (structural) and temporal (grammatical, transformational) rules of the associated language; its rules are invariant, general, and distributive with respect to the entire set of expressions comprising the language. This concept is as meaningful for automata as it is for the languages they process, applying to every level of the linguistic stratification just described. For example, where the concept of general covariance expresses the general and distributive nature of the laws of physics, these laws can be regarded as a syntax unto themselves, and so can the more general mathematical laws applying to the various mathematical structures to which the laws of physics implicitly refer."
Pg. 38-39:
http://megafoundation.org/CTMU/Arti cles/Langan_CTMU_092902.pdf
Finite-State Machines: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state_machine Ontological Semantics:
Ontological semantics, an integrated complex of theories, methodologies, descriptions, and implementations, attempts to systematize ideas about both semantic description as representation and manipulation of meaning by computer programs. It is built on already coordinated "microtheories" covering such diverse areas as specific language phenomena, processing heuristics, and implementation system architecture rather than on isolated components requiring future integration. Ontological semantics is constantly evolving, driven by the need to make meaning manipulation tasks such as text analysis and text generation work. Nirenburg and Raskin have therefore developed a set of heterogeneous methods suited to a particular task and coordinated at the level of knowledge acquisition and runtime system architecture implementations, a methodology that also allows for a variable level of automation in all its processes.

Nirenburg and Raskin first discuss ontological semantics in relation to other fields, including cognitive science and the AI paradigm, the philosophy of science, linguistic semantics and the philosophy of language, computational lexical semantics, and studies in formal ontology. They then describe the content of ontological semantics, discussing text-meaning representation, static knowledge sources (including the ontology, the fact repository, and the lexicon), the processes involved in text analysis, and the acquisition of static knowledge. http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10267
Descriptional Complexity of Multi-Parallel Grammars with Respect to the Number of Nonterminals:
The conventional wisdom was that biology influenced mathematics and computer science. But a new approach has taken hold: that of transferring methods and tools from computer science to biology. The reverse trend is evident in Grammars and Automata for String Processing: From Mathematics and Computer Science to Biology and Back. The contributors address the structural (syntactical) view of the domain. Mathematical linguistics and computer science can offer various tools for modeling complex macromolecules and for analyzing and simulating biological issues. This collection is valuable for students and researchers in biology, computer science, and applied mathematics. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a732478690~db=all~jumptype=rss
Key Concepts in Holopoetry:
From the start the breaking down of the immaterial space of holography, as well as the development of non-linear temporal systems, have been the basis of my holographic syntax. http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/electropoetics/uncontrollable?mode=print
The holocosmological model is aesthetic and uses metaphor at all levels. The structure and function of metaphor, and its role in philosophical and scientific description, is presented, using the concepts of holography as a metaphor for metaphor. Important metaphysical themes, such as participation and caring, are brought together in a discussion of the role of language as expression and limitation. Poetic language is justified as the primary expression of knowledge of human and ambihuman nature; it is found to be particularly appropriate for cosmology, with its ability to impart wholeness, ambiguity, reference, and interrelatedness. Poetry weaves the themes and threads into a holocosmology. Literally, poiesis is "making" and holopoiesis is making the whole universe. This poetic framework is a holopoietic cosmology, where the highest wisdom is "letting be" (beyond necessary utilization), and where compliance and caring are derivations of the most binding emotion, love. http://www.3musesbooks.com/oemwrev.htm
"Category the First is the Idea of that which is such as it is regardless of anything else. That is to say, it is a Quality of Feeling. Category the Second is the Idea of that which is such as it is as being Second to some First, regardless of anything else, and in particular regardless of any Law, although it may conform to a law. That is to say, it is Reaction as an element of the Phenomenon. Category the Third is the Idea of that which is such as it is as being a Third, or Medium, between a Second and its First. That is to say, it is Representation as an element of the Phenomenon." http://www.textlog.de/7649.html
The Philosophy of Ecology: http://books.google.com/books?id=uYOxUAJThJEC
Teleosemantics seeks to explain meaning and other intentional phenomena in terms of their function in the life of the species: http://books.google.com/books?id=hgUXTKBiDDUC
Form-Meaning Asymmetries and Bidirectional Optimization: https://webspace.utexas.edu/dib97/fmaabo.pdf
On thinking of kinds: a neuroscientific perspective: http://homepage.mac.com/ancientportraits/drsite/representingkinds.pdf

Logic as Philosophy: An Introductory Anthology: http://www.libstudy.hawaii.edu/manicas/pdf_files/books/LogicAsPhilosophy.pdf Ling 236: Quantitative, Probabilistic, and Optimization Base Explanation in Linguistics: http://nlp.stanford.edu/~manning/courses/ling236/handouts/ling236-prob-in-ling.pdf

Category Theory Category theorists are conceptual mathematicians of a special kind. What binds them together is that they approach mathematical problems with a point of view that is radically different from that on which traditional mathematics is based, and which emphasizes interactions between mathematical objects over their individual constituents. Their results are often surprising, provide new insights, and are obtained by the invention of sophisticated notions, theories, and techniques. Category Theory is only little more than 50 years old (dating it back to the work of S. Eilenberg and S. MacLane in 1945)-- yet, its impact on several branches of mathematics has been considerable, in spite of the reluctance to recognize it as a revolutionary independent field dealing with foundational questions, very different from Set Theory.
Category Theory at McGill The category theorists that constitute our group are, in order of their joining the Department, Jim Lambek, Marta Bunge, Michael Barr and Michael Makkai, with the addition of Robert Seely and Thomas Fox as Adjunct Professors. Together, they have a variety of traditional interests comprising Logic, Model Theory, Set Theory, Ring Theory, Algebraic Theories and Categories, Differential Algebra, Homological Algebra, Synthetic Differential Geometry and Topology, Hopf Algebras and Dynamical Systems, Topos Theory, Locales Theory, Fundamental Group, Descent, Classifying Toposes, Theory of Distributions, Fibered Categories, Higher-Order Categories, Categorical Linguistics, and Theoretical Computer Science. After the retirements of Jim Lambek and Michael Barr, both Emeritus Professors, we hope to be able to make new strong additions to the Department in the near future. The following is a more or less exhaustive list of Category Theory Centers in the world: Montreal, Cambridge, Sydney, Chicago, Buffalo, Bangor, Louvain-la-Neuve, Utrecht, Genova, Trieste, Como, Paris, Toronto and Dalhousie.
The Montreal Categories Center It began informally in 1966, when Jim Lambek, after a sabbatical year in Zurich and contact with Bill Lawvere, decided not only to work in the field himself, but also to promote it at McGill. He then brought Marta Bunge ( a student of Peter Freyd and Bill Lawvere) to McGill as a post-doctoral fellow, later to join the staff. Within a year, the Berkeley logician Gonzalo Reyes joined the Universite de Montreal, while Michael Barr, a homological algebraist, joined McGill, bringing along three graduate students. Various seminars and increased activity were carried on at these two Universities. Out of the Universite de Montreal came Andre Joyal, now the center-piece at UQAM, and out of McGill came Bob Pare, the promoter of the Dalhousie Category Theory Center. Later on, the group was enriched by the hiring of Mihaly Makkai, a logician from Budapest. Within five years, the nucleus of the group, as it exists today, was already formed. No further hirings in Category Theory were made in more than 25 years at any of these three institutions. Yet, the activities which this group has generated has been (until now) truly remarkable from the points of view of graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, visitors, organization of meetings, invited lectures at international meetings, editorship of various important journals, distinctions of various kinds, individual and team grants from NSERC and FCAR, bulk and quality of publications, and an incredible network of international contacts. The activities of the group are partly reflected by those of the Centre de Recherches en Theorie des Categories, within the Institut des Sciences Mathematiques.
Current Research Areas in Category Theory at McGill Three areas deserve attention because of the novelties they bring and because they are part of a truly international joint effort. Let us refer to them as "Grothendieck's Program", "Lawvere's Program", and "Computational Category Theory". Although not pairwise disjoint, their objectives are different and can be briefly described as follows.

Grothendieck's program was expounded by Grothendieck in his famous unpublished very long "Letter to Quilllen". In Montreal, Joyal, Makkai and Bunge are "pursuing the stacks" from different points of views.
Lawvere's program was initiated by Lawvere in two steps, in 1967 and in 1983. The first is called "Categorical Dynamics" and it gave rise to "Synthetic Differential Geometry". In Montreal, both Reyes and Bunge have worked and formed many students in this area. The second is called "Distributions Theory on Toposes" and is still in full development.In Montreal, Bunge and her collaborators from elsewhere (A. Carboni (Como), J. Funk (Saskatchewan), S. Niefield (Union College), M. Fiore (Sussex), M. Jibladze (Louvain-la-Neuve and Tbilisi), and T. Streicher (Darmstadt) has been actively engaged in research in this area for the past seven years.
Computational Category Theory. Broadly speaking, this includes Linear Logic, Chu Categories, Synthetic Domain Theory, Coherence, Bi-completions of Categories, Categorical Proof Theory, and Categorical Linguistics. In Montreal, Lambek, Barr, Seely and others are actively working in some aspects of this program.

http://www.math.mcgill.ca/bunge/ctatmcgill.html

Syntactic Structures (Noam Chomsky): http://www.scribd.com/doc/7002886/Noam-Chomsky-Syntactic-Structures-2Ed
A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in Linguistics:

http://www.bookrags.com/browse/tf0203393368/

Quantum Automata and Quantum Grammars (Cristopher Moore and James P. Crutchfield

Theoretical Computer Science 237 (2000) 275-306):

To study quantum computation, it might be helpful to generalize structures from language and automata theory to the quantum case. To that end, we propose quantum versions of finite-state and push-down automata, and regular and context-free grammars. We find analogs of several classical theorems, including pumping lemmas, closure properties, rational and algebraic generating functions, and Greibach normal form. We also show that there are quantum context-free languages that are not context-free. http://www.santafe.edu/~moore/pubs/qrl.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_(programming_language)
Concurrent Constraint Programming in Oz for Natural Language Processing: http://www.ps.uni-sb.de/~niehren/Web/Vorlesungen/Oz-NL-SS01/vorlesung/
Sixth Generation Computing: A Conspectus of the Japanese Proposals: http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~gaines/reports/MFIT/SIGART86/index.html
Why Sanskrit is Important: http://speaksamskrit.blogspot.com/2008_10_01_archive.html The Semiotic Machine:
"Humans are no longer the only and lonely ones that are capable of, and to some degree dependant on, the interpretation of signs." Frieder Nake
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1270062 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacomputing From Aristotelian Metaphysics to the Implicate Order and Evolution: http://www.metafysica.nl/nature/
Computational Philosophy: http://www.crumpled.com/cp/
Social Correlates of Turn-Taking Behavior: http://www.nashborges.com/research/sctt_icassp09.pdf
Self-Organizing Mapsin Natural Language Processing: http://reference.kfupm.edu.sa/content/s/e/self_organizing_maps_in_natural_language_395205.pdf http://www.cis.hut.fi/~tho/publications/honkela_casys97.pdf
Quantum Computation and Natural Language Processing: http://nats-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~joseph/dis/dis/dis.html
AdaptiveGrammars forIntelligent Agents in Virtually DistributedConceptual Spaces http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_grammar http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_grammar
Adaptive Parsing: Self-Extending Natural Language Interfaces: http://www.aclweb.org/anthology-new/J/J92/J92-3010.pdf Summaries of Adaptive Grammar Models: http://web.cs.wpi.edu/~jshutt/adapt/top.html Adaptive Parsing:
Parsingis the transformation from flat text to data structures. Usually, this requires some kind of syntax definition as input in addition to the text to be parsed. Anadaptive parser performs the transformation with minimal additional input; in particular, AP requires only syntactical information that can be provided by a typical user without the help of a programmer. http://www.cs.hmc.edu/~asampson/ap/
Adaptive Predicates in Empty-Start Natural Language Parsing: http://www.thothic.com/downloads/jackson01adaptive.pdf
Some Theoretical and Practical Results in Context-Sensitive and Adaptive Parsing: http://www.iscid.org/papers/Jackson_AdaptiveParsing_093002.pdf
RNA Structural Motif Classification Grammars:
Context-Free and Context-Sensitive (Pseudoknot) Parsing ofRNA Secondary Structure: http://www.rnaparse.com/
The Linguistics of DNA: Words, Sentences, Grammar, Phonetics, and Semantics: http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~sji/Linguistics%20of%20DNA.pdf

On Einstein's Razor: Telesis-Driven Introduction of Complexity into Apparently Sufficiently Non-Complex Linguistic Systems:

Never express yourself more clearly than you are able to think.Niels Bohr It is wrong to say that a good language is important to good thought, merely; for it is the essence of it.Charles Sanders Peirce The notion that a linguistic system that is powerful enough to accept any acceptable language but insufficiently complex to meet specific goals or needs is explored. I nominate Chomskys generative grammar formalism as the least complex formalism required to describe all language, but show how without the addition of further complexity, little can be said about the formalism itself. I then demonstrate how theO(n) parsing of pseudoknots, a previously difficult to solve problem, becomes tractable by the more complex -Calculus, and finally close with a falsifiable hypothesis with implications in epistemological complexity. http://www.thothic.com/downloads/Jackson_EinsteinsRazor_050205.pdf
Annotation for the Semantic Web:
The Semantic Web aims at machine agents that thrive on explicitly specified semantics of content in order to search, filter, condense, or negotiate knowledge for their human users. A core technology for making the Semantic Web happen, but also to leverage application areas like Knowledge Management and E-Business, is the field of Semantic Annotation, which turns human-understandable content into a machine understandable form. This book reports on the broad range of technologies that are used to achieve this translation and nourish 3rd millennium applications. The book starts with a survey of the oldest semantic annotations, viz. indexing of publications in libraries. It continues with several techniques for the explicit construction of semantic annotations, including approaches for collaboration and Semantic Web metadata. One of the major means for improving the semantic annotation task is information extraction and much can be learned from the semantic tagging of linguistic corpora. In particular, information extraction is gaining prominence for automating the formerly purely manual annotation task at least to some extent. An important subclass of information extraction tasks is the goal-oriented extraction of content from HTML and / or XML resources. http://books.google.com/books?id=JMw8Y897c7MC
Algebraic Semiotics: http://www-cse.ucsd.edu/~goguen/projs/semio.html
Hybrid Logics in Action: http://hylo.loria.fr/content/history2.php

Hylomorphism: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylomorphism
Co-occurrence: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-occurrence
Relevance paradox:
A term for the occurrence where the attempt to gather informationrelevant to a decision is ineffective because the attempt to eliminate distracting or unnecessary information also excludes gathering information that is later seen to be crucial. It was one of the key ideas in"The IRG Solution - hierarchical incompetence and how to overcome it". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_Paradox http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_incompetence http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlock_research http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlock_diagram
Finite Model Theory and its Applications: http://www.springer.com/computer/foundations/book/978-3-540-00428-8
Model Theory of Modal Logic: http://www.mathematik.tu-darmstadt.de/~otto/papers/mlhb.pdf
Foundations of Temporal Logic: http://www.prior.aau.dk/index2.htm
A Classic: Functional Programming with Bananas, Lenses, Envelopes and Barbed Wire: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.41.125&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Modular Semantics and Logics of Classes: In this paper we improve a simple class-based semantics to deal with extensions compositionally and derive modular reasoning principles for a logic of classes. The domain theoretic reasoning principle behind this is fixpoint induction. Modularity is obtained by endowing the denotations of classes with an additional parameter that accounts for those classes added later at linkage time. http://www.springerlink.com/content/66tq8pkgnlt406kg/
Coalgebras generalise the standard Kripke semantics of modal logic to encompass notions such as neighbourhood frames, Markov chains, topological spaces, etc. Moreover, Coalgebra is a concept from Category Theory. Category Theory is an area of mathematics which describes mathematical constructions in abstract terms that make these constructions available to many different areas of mathematics, logic, and computer science. In particular, the category theoretic nature of Coalgebras allows us to tackle the modularity problem using category theoretic constructions. One of the benefits of category theory is that these constructions, because of their generality, apply to specification languages and to their semantic models. To summarise, Coalgebraic Logic combines Modal Logic with Coalgebra. This generalises modal logics from Kripke frames to coalgebras and makes category theoretic methods and constructions available in Modal Logic. http://gow.epsrc.ac.uk/ViewGrant.aspx?GrantRef=EP/G041296/1
Coalgebraic Modal Logic: Theory and Applications: http://db.cwi.nl/projecten/project.php4?prjnr=176
Handbook of Modal Logic:
"...six major applications areas of modal logic (in Mathematics, Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, Linguistics, Game Theory, and Philosophy) are surveyed." http://books.google.com/books?id=urINMvvsT5MC
Undecidability of Multi-modal Hybrid Logics: http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1248220
Lectures on Hybrid Logic: http://www.stanford.edu/group/nasslli/courses/blackburn/reader.pdf Nabla Algebras and Chu Spaces: http://www.springerlink.com/content/x1t03u42g041v170/
Adaptivity, Emergence & Connectivity
http://wordinfo.info/ http://www.onelook.com/
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/model-theory/
http://www.class.uh.edu/COGSCI/lang/Entries/model_theory.html
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pwwi/is_200901/ai_n31169420/ http://en.scientificcommons.org/theodore_zamenopoulos
http://telicthoughts.com/informatio n-filters/
The Complexity & Artificial Life Research Concept for Self-Organizing Systems: http://www.calresco.org/
Non-Fractal Complexity: http://www.ceptualinstitute.com/uiu_plus/necsi1video.htm
Fractals, Complexity, and Connectivity in Africa: http://www.rpi.edu/~eglash/eglash.dir/afractal/Eglash_Odumosu.pdf
Evolutionary Design by Computers: http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/P.Bentley/evdes.html
Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation:
A departure from mainstream biology, the idea of symbiosisas in the genetic and metabolic interactions of the bacterial communities that became the earliest eukaryotes and eventually evolved into plants and animalshas attracted the attention of a growing number of scientists.

These original contributions by symbiosis biologists and evolutionary theorists address the adequacy of the prevailing neo-Darwinian concept of evolution in the light of growing evidence that hereditary symbiosis, supplemented by the gradual accumulation of heritable mutation, results in the origin of new species and morphological novelty. They include reports of current research on the evolutionary consequences of symbiosis, the protracted physical association between organisms of different species. Among the issues considered are individuality and evolution, microbial symbioses, animal bacterial symbioses, and the importance of symbiosis in cell evolution, ecology, and morphogenesis. http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5722

What's So "Intelligent" About "Intelligent Design"?: http://evolutionlist.blogspot.com/2009/06/whats-so-intelligent-about-intelligent.html
Principia Cybernetica Web: http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/
New Trends in Computing Anticipatory Systems : Emergence of Artificial Conscious Intelligence with Machine Learning Natural Language (Daniel M. Dubois, 2008):

Thispaper deals with the challenge to create an Artificial IntelligenceSystem with an Artificial Consciousness. For that, an introduction tocomputing anticipatory systems is presented, with the definitions of strongand weak anticipation. The quasi-anticipatory systems of Robert Rosen arelinked to open-loop controllers. Then, some properties of the naturalbrain are presented in relation to the triune brain theoryof Paul D. MacLean, and the mind time of BenjaminLibet, with his veto of the free will. The theoryof the hyperincursive discrete anticipatory systems is recalled in viewto introduce the concept of hyperincursive free will, which givesa similar veto mechanism: free will as unpredictable hyperincursive anticipationThe concepts of endo-anticipation and exo-anticipation are then defined. Finally, some ideas about artificial conscious intelligence with natural language arepresented, in relation to the Turing Machine, Formal Language, IntelligentAgents and Mutli-Agent System. http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/1051/25/1
As Robert Rosen proposed, there should be a category-theoretic approach to analyzing teleological and teleonomic processes. http://www.complex.vcu.edu/
Approches to the Question: 'What is Life?': Reconciling Theoretical Biology with Philosophical Biology: http://www.cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/109/218

"Polytely can be described as Frequently, complex problem-solving situations characterized by the presence of not one, but several goals, endings. when solving complex problems, we are often forced into making difficult choices and in the polytelic scenarios; different outcomes to decide from. Though this is more complex than just choosing. We need to explore various outcomes and theorise before making pragmatic decisions. Haste without experiment will not help but rather often hinder the cogniser, the thinker, you. Modern society faces an increasing incidance of various complex problems that are pervasive, spreading unhindered into regions, social ills for example. In other words, the defining characteristics of our complex problems are a large number of variables (complexity) that interact in a nonlinear fashion (connectivity), changing over time (dynamic and time-dependent), and to achieve multiple goals (polytely). Problem - to solution = the involvement of complex variables. Multiple goals may be present that could, but do not necessarily, interfere with each other."

"Intelligent agents have become a major field of research in AI. Although there is little consensus about the precise denition of an intelligent agent, it is generally held that agents are autonomous pieces of hardware/software, able to take initiative on behalf of a user or, more generally, to satisfy some goal. Agents are often held to possess mental attitudes; they are supposed to deal with information, and act upon this, based on motivation. This calls for a description in terms of the agents beliefs/knowledge, desires, goals, intentions, commitments, obligations, etc. To describe these mental or cognitive attitudes one may fruitfully employ modal logic. Typically for the description of agents one needs an amalgam of modal operators/logics to cater for several of the mental attitudes as mentioned above. Moreover, since agents by denition act and display behavior, it is important to include the dynamics of these mental attitudes in the description. One might even maintain that the logics of some of these attitudes, such as goal directedness and a fortiori desire, have little interest per se: they are rather weak logics without exciting properties. What makes them interesting is their dynamics: their change over time in connection with each other!" http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~frank/MLHandbook/18.pdf
Synthetic intelligence will have to be proficient in analyzing polytelic scenerios, which requires more advanced forms of cognitive function, possibly even meta-cognitive aspects:

Complex problem solving as a mediator between basic cognition and real-world functioning:
"The core theme of the present research project is the relationship between basic cognitive processes, performance on complex cognitive tasks and real-world functioning. Basic cognitive processes examined in the laboratory are often not easy to relate to real-life situations, both in investigations of healthy individuals and in the clinical context. Research on complex problem solving was originally started to address precisely this gap between the narrow straits of the laboratory and the deep blue sea of field research (Funke 2001). In the proposed research, we will use the construct complex problem solving as a mediator between basic cognition and real-world functioning, and use a multi-disciplinary approach to characterize the interrelation between these three levels of analysis. To this end, tightly coordinated studies using computational modelling, neuropsychological testing, functional neuroimaging, as well as pharmacological and behavioral interventions will be conducted in the context of narrowly defined, shared behavioral paradigms." http://www.psychologie.uni-heidelberg.de/projekte/bmbf-problemsolving/project.html
Objective Selection:

Sharing too many goals with your people is the same as sharing no goals. Energy, enthusiasm, and attention alldissipate when they are spread too widely. Think of peanut butter: The more you spread it, the thinner it gets. Its tempting to load up the wish list with lots of ambitious aims, but the results will inevitably be disappointing.
Rather, choose a single, clearly articulated objective. This may embody your organizations central purpose. InMade to Stick, Chip Heath and Dan Heath cite the commanders intent, a crisp, plain-talk statement about the desired result of a military maneuver that discards a lot of great insights in order to let the most important insight shine. Or the goal may be relatively narrow in scopesay, meeting a higher quality standard for a single product.
Broad or narrow, if it is well-defined, measurable, and urgent, as Robert H. Schaffer says in Demand Better Resultsand Get Them (HBR NovemberDecember 1974), it can galvanize an organization, generating the feeling that achievement of the goal is imperative, not merely desirable. http://hbr.harvardbusiness.org/2007/06/objective-selection/ar/1
Knowledge Sharing: The Facts and the Myths: http://www.intranetjournal.com/articles/200502/ij_02_22_05a.html
Innocentive Isolates the Problem Solvers From Eachother (Commentary by Sami Viitamaki):
"Innocentive fits the category of crowdsourcing that does not fully utilize the communitys wisdom of crowds. The solvers pursue the solution in isolation from each other, and the possibility of using the community to gather comments on the alternatives, build on others ideas, find a winning solution by community rating, etc. is absent. http://p2pfoundation.net/Innocentive

FLIRT Model of Crowdsourcing:
The model views the phenomenon from the perspective of a company considering intensive collaboration with customer collectives and aims to identify the different actors on the field as well as their roles in the collective creation process. Furthermore, it suggests a set of elements (the FLIRT ring) that have to be considered and established in order to achieve desired action in the community. http://p2pfoundation.net/FLIRT_Model_of_Crowdsourcing http://www.samiviitamaki.com/2007/02/16/the-flirt-model-of-crowdsourcing-collective-customer-collaboration/
Complex Problem Solving: Identity Matching Based on Social Contextual Information:
Modern society is increasingly facing various complex problems that are pervasive, spreading unhindered into regions, countries, and economic activities which seem powerless to resist the invasion (Mumford, 1998, p. 447). Globalization, forexample, is such a complex problem that, while bringing numerous opportunities to organizations, has also broughtsubstantial challenges and pressure. Defining complex problems seems to be a good starting point for solving them;however, there has not been a widely accepted definition (Gray, 2002; Quesada et al., 2005). Funke (1991) suggested thatcomplex problems can be understood by contrasting them with simple problems, which can be solved by simple reasoningand pure logic (Quesada et al., 2005), and that they can be characterized by their intransparency, polytely (from the Greekwords poly telos meaning many goals), complexity, connectivity of variables, dynamic, and time-delayed effects. In otherwords, the defining characteristics of complex problems are a large number of variables (complexity) that interact in a nonlinear fashion (connectivity), changing over time (dynamic and time-dependent), and to achieve multiple goals (polytely). http://idea.library.drexel.edu/bitstream/1860/2671/1/2006175384.pdf
Variety (Universal Algebra): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkhoff's_HSP_theorem
Polyvarieties (1969):
In connection with the notion of a polyidentity, introduced by O. N. Golovin, we introduce the notion of the polyvariety of groups and we generalize Birkhoff's theorem on varieties of groups for the case of polyvarieties. We also present several examples of polyvarieties of groups. http://www.springerlink.com/content/x36tmk28278684g7/

Pregroups and the Algebraic Analysis of Persian Sentences:
"We use Pregroups to provide an algebraic analysis of Persian sentences. Our analysishints to some of the profound and subtle properties of the Persian grammar, e.g. similarityof its parsing patterns to Hindi (both descendants of of Sanskrit) and similarityin parsing patterns of its causal subordinate and relative sentences. These findings arefacilitated by the use of reduction diagrams, a fragment of the ones used in Compact Closed Categories, and two quantitative degrees introduced on them. As our final examplesshow and interestingly enough, our analysis also lends itself to the Persian of Omar Khayyam and Hafiz, two well known Persian poets of 12th and 14th centuries A.D., respectively. The analysis of the Persian compound verb is left for future work."
http://www.pps.jussieu.fr/~mehrs/PersPreGroup.pdf
http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/people/publications/date/Mehrnoosh.Sadrzadeh.htr

Birkhoff's Representation Theorem: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkhoff's_representation_theorem
Category Theory and Homological Algebra: http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/cgi-bin/browse.pl?limit=0&id=25573&type=%&sort=Date
Operad Theory: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operad_theory
Operads and Varieties of Algebras Defined by Polylinear Identities: http://www.springerlink.com/content/l5820r7r35632578/
Operads, Algebras, Modules, and Motives (1994): http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.53.7255

Symmetry, Design & Reflexivity
Design Science: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_Science
Buckminster Fuller Institute: http://www.bfi.org/our_programs/who_is_buckminster_fuller/design_science
One of the great American visionaries of the twentieth century, R. Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) endeavored to see what he, a single individual, might do to benefit the largest segment of humanity while consuming the minimum of the earth's resources. Doing "more with less" was Fuller's credo. He described himself as a "comprehensive anticipatory design scientist, " setting forth to solve the escalating challenges that faced humanity before they became insurmountable.
Fuller's innovative theories and designs addressed fields ranging from architecture, the visual arts, and literature to mathematics, engineering, and sustainability. He refused to treat these diverse spheres as specialized areas of investigation because it inhibited his ability to think intuitively, independently, and, in his words, "comprehensively."
Although Fuller believed in utilizing the latest technology, much of his work developed from his inquiry into "how nature builds." He believed that the tetrahedron was the most fundamental, structurally sound form found in nature; this shape is an essential part of most of his designs, which range in scale from domestic to global. As the many drawings and models in this exhibition attest, Fuller was committed to the physical exploration and visual presentation of his ideas.
http://www.whitney.org/www/buckminster_fuller/about.jsp Kybernetes: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContainer.do?containerType=Journal&containerId=357
Pentagon's Mind-Reading Computers Replicate: http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2008/03/augcog-continue/
Land Warfare and Complexity, Part I: Mathematical Backgorund and Technical Sourcebook (U) The purpose of this paper is to provide the theoretical framework and mathematical background necessary to understand and discuss the various ideas of nonlinear dynamics and complex systems theory and to plant seeds for a later, more detailed discussion (that will be provided in Part II of this report1) of how these ideas might apply to land warfare issues. This paper is also intended to be a general technical sourcebook of information. Question 1: What does the behavior of the human brain have in common with what happens on a battlefield? Question 2: Might there be higher-level processes that emerge on the battlefield, in the way consciousness emerges in a human brain? http://www.cna.org/isaac/lw1.pdf
Complexity, Global Politics, and National Security (Edited by David S. Alberts and Thomas J. Czerwinski): National Defense University, Washington D.C.
The inquiry into the nature of nonlinearity, and the rise of Complexity theory has of necessity paralleled the development of the computer. Nonlinearity is extremely difficult to work with unless aided by the computer. Nonlinear equations were referred to as the Twilight Zone of mathematics. Beginning in the early 1960s, efforts to modify the weather indicated the severe limits to predictability in nonlinear environments, such as weather, itself. The self-organizing nature of nonlinearity, and the attributes of Chaos theory were well advanced by 1987, with the publication of James Gleicks best-selling popularizationChaos: Making a New Science. In the mid-1980s, the Santa Fe Institute was organized to further the inquiry into complex adaptive systems. By 1992, Complexity theory also qualified for publication in the popular press with Mitchell WaldropsComplexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos, and Steven LewinsComplexity: Life at the Edge of Chaos. Nonlinearity was now in the public domain and universally accessible. A number of modern U.S. defense thinkers, in retrospect, can be considered to be nonlinearists. Prominent among these are J.C. Wylie and the prolific, but unpublished, John Boyd of OODA loop fame. However, in the context of the time and vocabulary, this realization could only be implicit. An explicit articulation only began to emerge in the early 1990s. Two of the earliest pioneers are authors in this volume. Both wrote seminal papers, the significance of which was largely unrecognized when they first appeared. In late 1992, Alan Beyerchens Clausewitz, Nonlinearity, and the Unpredictability of War, was published inInternational Security, and Steven Manns Chaos Theory and Strategic Thought appeared inParameters. The former work is a profound reinterpretation of ClausewitzsOn War, persuasively placing the work, and Clausewitz, himself, in a nonlinear framework. Mann, a Foreign Service officer, used self-organizing criticality, a concept associated with the Santa Fe Institute, to describe the dynamics of international relations and its implications for strategy. These initial intellectual contributions were followed by important advances, each the individual efforts of talented Air Force officers. These included investigations into defense applications of Chaos theory (David Nicholls, et al., 1994, and Glenn E. James, 1995.) Paralleling these efforts were those in Complexity theory applied to the determination of centers of gravity (Pat A. Pentland, 1993), and especially a robust and detailed methodology for identifying target sets (Steven M. Rinaldi, 1995). As a result, the confidence factor rose appreciably, as the body of defense-related literature began to assume the qualitative and quantitative dimensions for a discipline, or a contending body of thought. Primarily at the operational and tactical levels of war, nonlinear concepts were moving beyond the notional, to formulation and application. http://www.dodccrp.org/html4/bibliography/comindex.html
"Coping with Information Overload:

Coping with information overload is a major challenge of the 21stcentury. In previous eras, access to information was difficult andoften tightly controlled as a source of power. Today, we areoverloaded with so much electronic information that it has become anobstacle to effective decision making. Thus, the challenge facingindividuals and institutions is how to embrace this information ratherthan being paralyzed by it.

The intelligence community is overloaded with huge volumes ofinformation, moving at large velocities and comprising great variety.Information includes both content and context, which humans deal withas a gestalt but computer systems tend to treat separately. We discusstwo complementary approaches to coping with information overload andthe open research questions that arise in this emerging discipline.First is value estimation, where humans examine only the golden nuggetsof information judged valuable by some process. The second approach isknowledge distillation, where the information is digested andcompressed, producing salient knowledge for human consumption.Finally, there are many open questions regarding the symbiosis betweenpeople and machines for knowledge discovery."

http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/talks/Gorin.html

http://www.media.mit.edu/events/2009/04/06/allen-gorin-stream-characterization

"Reflexive Mappings and Nonlinear Dynamics:
The paper considers reflexive mappings properties: it is proved that, when the agents in the framework of the game-theoretic model make their decisions on the base of the finite informational structures, actions, chosen by phantom agents, are defined by the system of nonlinear iterated mappings. Exploration of the model allows concluding that the informational equilibrium is generally unstable under the increase of the reflexivity depth." http://www.mtas.ru/uploads/rmnd.pdf
Introduction of the Aristotle's final causation in CAST concept and method of incursion and hyperincursion: This paper will analyse the concept and method of incursion and hyperincursion firstly applied to the Fractal Machine, an hyperincursive cellular automata with sequential computations where time plays a central role. This computation is incursive, for inclusive recursion, in the sense that an automaton is computed at the future time t+1 in function of its neighbour automata at the present and/or past time steps but also at the future time t+1. The hyperincursion is an incursion when several values can be generated at each time step. The incursive systems may be transformed to recursive ones. But the incursive inputs, defined at the future time step, cannot always be transformed to recursive inputs. This is possible by self-reference. A self-reference Fractal Machine gives rise to A non deterministic hyperincursive field rises in a self-reference Fractal Machine. This can be related to the Final Cause of Aristotle. Simulations will show the generation of fractal patterns from incursive equations with interference effects like holography. The incursion is also a tool to control systems. The Pearl-Verhulst chaotic map will be considered. Incursive stabilisation of the numerical instabilities of discrete linear and non-linear oscillators based on Lotka-Volterra equation systems will be simulated. Finally the incursive discrete diffusion equation is considered. http://www.springerlink.com/content/m23248538w56706x/
A Survey of Incursive (Inclusive Recursion), Hyperincursive, and Anticipative Systems (Problems of Nonlinear Analysis in Engineering Systems): http://www.kcn.ru/tat_en/science/ans/journals/ansj_cnt/06_2_5.html
On the Quantum Potential and Pulsating Wave Packet in the Harmonic Oscillator: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AIPC.1051..100D
Computational derivation of quantum and relativist systems with forward-backward space-time shifts: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AIPC..465..435D
New Trends in Computing Anticipatory Systems : Emergence of Artificial Conscious Intelligence with Machine Learning Natural Language: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AIPC.1051...25D
Holographic associative memory and information transmission by solitary waves in biological systems: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993SPIE.1978..249G Fermi-Pasta-Ulam nonlinear lattice oscillations: http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Fermi-Pasta-Ulam_nonlinear_lattice_oscillations
The Symmetries of Solitons: http://www.ams.org/bull/1997-34-04/S0273-0979-97-00732-5/S0273-0979-97-00732-5.pdf
Stephen Wolfram's A New Kind of Science Online: http://www.wolframscience.com/nksonline/toc.html Origin of Randomness in Physical Systems: http://www.stephenwolfram.com/publications/articles/physics/85-origins/2/text.html
Nonlinear Dynamics, Chaos, Bifurcations: http://web.ift.uib.no/~antonych/bif.html Nonlinear Dynamics and Complex Systems Theory Glossary of Terms: http://www.cna.org/isaac/Glossb.htm From Complexity to Life: On the Emergence of Life and Meaning: http://www.complexsystems.org/essays/ReviewComplexity.htm The Cybersemiotic Pre- and Post- Conditions of Computation: http://www.rosen-enterprises.com/RobertRosen/JedJonesBioTheoryPaper.pdf KLI Theory Lab: http://www.kli.ac.at/theorylab/index.html
Centre for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science (The University of Auckland): http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/CDMTCS/
Information Systems and the Theory of Categories: Is Every Model an Anticipatory System? http://computing.unn.ac.uk/staff/CGNR1/liege04m4.pdf
Normativeness, Descriptivity & Analyticity "The Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the Universe: A New Kind of Reality Theory: Inasmuch as science is observational or perceptual in nature, the goal of providing a scientific model and mechanism for the evolution of complex systems ultimately requires a supporting theory of reality of which perception itself is the model (or theory-to-universe mapping). Where information is the abstract currency of perception, such a theory must incorporate the theory of information while extending the information concept to incorporate reflexive self-processing in order to achieve an intrinsic (self-contained) description of reality. This extension is associated with a limiting formulation of model theory identifying mental and physical reality, resulting in a reflexively self-generating, self-modeling theory of reality identical to its universe on the syntactic level. By the nature of its derivation, this theory, the Cognitive Theoretic Model of the Universe or CTMU, can be regarded as a supertautological reality-theoretic extension of logic. Uniting the theory of reality with an advanced form of computational language theory, the CTMU describes reality as a Self-Configuring Self-Processing Language or SCSPL, a reflexive intrinsic language characterized not only by self-reference and recursive self-definition, but full self-configuration and self-execution (reflexive read-write functionality). SCSPL reality embodies a dual-aspect monism consisting of infocognition, self-transducing information residing in self-recognizing SCSPL elements called syntactic operators. The CTMU identifies itself with the structure of these operators and thus with the distributive syntax of its self-modeling SCSPL universe, including the reflexive grammar by which the universe refines itself from unbound telesis or UBT, a primordial realm of infocognitive potential free of informational constraint. Under the guidance of a limiting (intrinsic) form of anthropic principle called the Telic Principle, SCSPL evolves by telic recursion, jointly configuring syntax and state while maximizing a generalized self-selection parameter and adjusting on the fly to freely-changing internal conditions. SCSPL relates space, time and object by means of conspansive duality and conspansion, an SCSPL-grammatical process featuring an alternation between dual phases of existence associated with design and actualization and related to the familiar wave-particle duality of quantum mechanics. By distributing the design phase of reality over the actualization phase, conspansive spacetime also provides a distributed mechanism for Intelligent Design, adjoining to the restrictive principle of natural selection a basic means of generating information and complexity. Addressing physical evolution on not only the biological but cosmic level, the CTMU addresses the most evident deficiencies and paradoxes associated with conventional discrete and continuum models of reality, including temporal directionality and accelerating cosmic expansion, while preserving virtually all of the major benefits of current scientific and mathematical paradigms." http://www.iscid.org/papers/Langan_CTMU_092902.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytely
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleonomy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_category_theory_topics

http://www.cambridgeblog.org/2008/12/reflections-on-a-self-representing-universe/
The Joys of Concurrent Programming: http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=30413
Stanford Concurrency Group: http://boole.stanford.edu/
Decision making process via constraint-oriented fuzzy logic based on Chu space theory:
"In decision making processes, one often does not know what is the real problem, what is the requirement, and the goals are vaguely prescribed and may contradict with each other. Thus, the problem structure of decision making is covered with various kinds of vagueness, and the way of solving the problem is highly dependent on the derision maker. One cannot grasp the gist of problems if one ignore the associated vagueness which decision makers hold in his mind through his real experience. Also, decision making processes cannot be characterized only by static relations among elements in problems, but should reflect the dynamic structures that are depend on situations. In this paper, in order to deal with problems which have dynamic structures including vagueness, we propose a framework of decision making structures which involves the decision maker himself and find out scenarios for problem solving in the decision making process, i.e., interaction between the human and environments" http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6771/18091/00838662.pdf%3Farnumber%3D838662&authDecision=-203
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_space http://chu.stanford.edu/guide.html http://boole.stanford.edu/pub/coimbra.pdf http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/old/15868.html http://www.citeulike.org/tag/ontology-space http://conconto.stanford.edu/conconto.pdf http://www.entcs.org/files/mfps19/83018.pdf http://www.tac.mta.ca/tac/volumes/17/5/17-05.pdf
On Game Formats and Chu Spaces: http://ideas.repec.org/p/usi/wpaper/417.html
"The bulk of theoretical and empirical work in the neurobiology of emotion indicates that isotelesisthe principle that any one function is served by several structures and processesapplies to emotion as it applies to thermoregulation, for example (Satinoff, 1982)...In light of the preceding discussion, it is quite clear that the processes that emerge in emotion are governed not only by isotelesis, but by the principle of polytelesis as well. The first principle holds that many functions, especially the important ones, are served by a number of redundant systems, whereas the second holds that many systems serve more than one function. There are very few organic functions that are served uniquely by one and only one process, structure, or organ. Similarly, there are very few processes, structures, or organs that serve one and only one purpose. Language, too, is characterized by the isotelic and polytelic principles; there are many words for each meaning and most words have more than one meaning. The two principles apply equally to a variety of other biological, behavioral, and social phenomena. Thus, there is no contradiction between the vascular and the communicative functions of facial efference; the systems that serve these functions are both isotelic and polytelic."
http://psychology.stanford.edu/~lera/273/zajonc-psychreview-1989.pdf

"Between the lines of all the sacred books, we discern the holotelic craving, the sense of continued life, which has so much more to know and to be."
http://books.google.com/books?id=4fcaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA350&lpg=PA350&dq=holotelic&source=bl&ots=v8QVZoAG4f&sig=yAggVUGj_Yv99ryEHCjuMSUZExo&hl=en&ei=xJ3eSZTNB5jstQOCo4i7CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6#PPA351, M1
"An act is a temporal process, and self-inclusion is a spatial relation. The act of self-inclusion is thus "where time becomes space"; for the set of all sets, there can be no more fundamental process. No matter what else happens in the evolving universe, it must be temporally embedded in this dualistic self-inclusion operation. In the CTMU, the self-inclusion process is known as conspansion and occurs at the distributed, Lorentz-invariant conspansion rate c, a time-space conversion factor already familiar as the speed of light in vacuo (conspansion consists of two alternative phases accounting for the wave and particle properties of matter and affording a logical explanation for accelerating cosmic expansion). When we imagine a dynamic self-including set, we think of a set growing larger and larger in order to engulf itself from without. But since there is no "without" relative to the real universe, external growth or reference is not an option; there can be no external set or external descriptor. Instead, self-inclusion and self-description must occur inwardly as the universe stratifies into a temporal sequence of states, each state topologically and computationally contained in the one preceding it (where the conventionally limited term computation is understood to refer to a more powerful SCSPL-based concept, protocomputation, involving spatiotemporal parallelism). On the present level of discourse, this inward self-inclusion is the conspansive basis of what we call spacetime.
Every object in spacetime includes the entirety of spacetime as a state-transition syntax according to which its next state is created. This guarantees the mutual consistency of states and the overall unity of the dynamic entity the real universe. And because the sole real interpretation of the set-theoretic entity "the set of all sets" is the entire real universe, the associated foundational paradoxes are resolved in kind (by attributing mathematical structure like that of the universe to the pure, uninterpreted set-theoretic version of the set of all sets). Concisely, resolving the set-of-all-sets paradox requires that (1) an endomorphism or self-similarity mapping D:S-->rS be defined for the set of all sets S and its internal points r; (2) there exist two complementary senses of inclusion, one topological [S t D(S)] and one predicative [D(S) d S], that allow the set to descriptively "include itself" from within, i.e. from a state of topological self-inclusion (where t denotes topological or set-theoretic inclusion and d denotes descriptive inclusion, e.g. the inclusion in a language of its referents); and (3) the input S of D be global and structural, while the output D(S) = (r d S) be internal to S and play a syntactic role. In short, the set-theoretic and cosmological embodiments of the self-inclusion paradox are resolved by properly relating the self-inclusive object to the descriptive syntax in terms of which it is necessarily expressed, thus effecting true self-containment: "the universe (set of all sets) is that which topologically contains that which descriptively contains the universe (set of all sets)."

This characterizes a system that consistently perceives itself and develops its own structure from within via hology, a 2-stage form of self-similarity roughly analogous to holography. (Hology is a logico-cybernetic form of self-similarity in which the global structure of a self-contained, self-interactive system doubles as its distributed self-transductive syntax; it is justified by the obvious fact that in a self-contained system, no other structure is available for that purpose.) The associated conspansive mapping D is calledincoversionin the spatiotemporally inward direction andcoinversionin the reverse (outward, D-1) direction.Incoversioncarries global structure inward as state-recognition and state-transformation syntax, whilecoinversionprojects syntactic structure outward in such a way as to recognize existing structure and determine future states in conformance with it.Incoversionis associated with an operation called requantization, whilecoinversionis associated with a complementary operation called inner expansion. The alternation of these operations, often referred to as wave-particle duality, comprises the conspansion process. The Principle of Conspansive Duality then says that what appears as cosmic expansion from an interior (local) viewpoint appears as material and temporal contraction from a global viewpoint. Because metric concepts like "size" and "duration" are undefined with respect to the universe as a whole, the spacetime metric is defined strictly intrinsically, and the usual limit of cosmological regress, a pointlike cosmic singularity, becomes the closed spacetime algebra already identified as SCSPL.

Thus, the real universe is not a static set, but a dynamic process resolving the self-inclusion paradox. Equivalently, because any real explanation of reality is contained in reality itself, reality gives rise to a paradox unless regarded as an inclusory self-mapping. This is why, for example, category theory is increasingly preferred to set theory as a means of addressing the foundations of mathematics; it centers on invariant relations or mappings between covariant or contravariant (dually related) objects rather than on static objects themselves. For similar reasons, a focus on the relative invariants of semantic processes is also well-suited to the formulation of evolving theories in which the definitions of objects and sets are subject to change; thus, we can speak of time and space as equivalent to cognition and information with respect to the invariant semantic relation processes, as in "time processes space" and "cognition processes information". But when we define reality as a process, we must reformulate containment accordingly. Concisely, reality theory becomes a study of SCSPL autology naturally formulated in terms of mappings. This is done by adjoining to logic certain metalogical principles, formulated in terms of mappings, that enable reality to be described as an autological (self-descriptive, self-recognizing/self-processing) system.

The first such principle is MAP, acronymic for Metaphysical Autology Principle. Let S be the real universe, and let T = T(S) be its theoretical description or "TOE". MAP, designed to endow T and S with mathematical closure, simply states that T and S are closed with respect to all internally relevant operations, including recognition and description. In terms of mappings, this means that all inclusional or descriptive mappings of S are automorphisms (e.g., permutations or foldings) or endomorphisms (self-injections). MAP is implied by the unlimited scope, up to perceptual relevance, of the universal quantifier implicitly attached to reality by the containment principle. With closure thereby established, we can apply techniques of logical reduction to S without worrying about whether the lack of some external necessity will spoil the reduction. In effect, MAP makes T(S) "exclusive enough" to describe S by excluding as a descriptor of S anything not in S. But there still remains the necessity of providing S with a mechanism of self-description.

This mechanism is provided by another metalogical principle, the M=R or Mind Equals Reality Principle, that identifies S with the extended cognitive syntax D(S) of the theorist. This syntax (system of cognitive rules) not only determines the theorist's perception of the universe, but bounds his cognitive processes and is ultimately the limit of his theorization (this relates to the observation that all we can directly know of reality are our perceptions of it). The reasoning is simple; S determines the composition and behavior of objects (or subsystems) s in S, and thus comprises the general syntax (structural and functional rules of S) of which s obeys a specific restriction. Thus, where s is an ideal observer/theorist in S, S is the syntax of its own observation and explanation by s. This is directly analogous to "the real universe contains all and only that which is real", but differently stated: "S contains all and only objects s whose extended syntax is isomorphic to S." M=R identifies S with the veridical limit of any partial theory T of S [limT(S) = D(S)], thus making S "inclusive enough" to describe itself. That is, nothing relevant to S is excluded from S @ D(S).

Mathematically, the M=R Principle is expressed as follows. The universe obviously has a structure S. According to the logic outlined above, this structure is self-similar; S distributes over S, where "distributes over S" means "exists without constraint on location or scale within S". In other words, the universe is a perfectly self-similar system whose overall structure is replicated everywhere within it as a general state-recognition and state-transition syntax (as understood in an extended computational sense). The self-distribution of S, called hology, follows from the containment principle, i.e. the tautological fact that everything within the real universe must be described by the predicate "real" and thus fall within the constraints of global structure. That this structure is completely self-distributed implies that it is locally indistinguishable for subsystems s; it could only be discerned against its absence, and it is nowhere absent in S. Spacetime is thus transparent from within, its syntactic structure invisible to its contents on the classical (macroscopic) level. Localized systems generally express and utilize only a part of this syntax on any given scale, as determined by their specific structures. I.e., where there exists a hologicalincoversionendomorphism D:S{rS} carrying the whole structure of S into every internal point and region of S, objects (quantum-geometrodynamically) embedded in S take their recognition and state-transformation syntaxes directly from the ambient spatiotemporal background up to isomorphism. Objects thus utilize only those aspects of D(S) of which they are structural and functional representations.

The inverse D-1 of this map (coinversion) describes how an arbitrary local system s within S recognizes S at the object level and obeys the appropriate "laws", ultimately giving rise to human perception. This reflects the fact that S is a self-perceptual system, with various levels of self-perception emerging within interactive subsystems s (where perception is just a refined form of interaction based on recognition in an extended computational sense). Thus, with respect to any class {s} of subsystems of S, we can define a homomorphic submap d of the endomorphism D: d:S{s} expressing only that part of D to which {s} is isomorphic. In general, the si are coherent or physically self-interactive systems exhibiting dynamical and informational closure; they have sometimes-inaccessible internal structures and dynamics (particularly on the quantum scale), and are distinguishable from each other by means of informational boundaries contained in syntax and comprising a "spacetime metric".

According to the above definitions, the global self-perceptor S is amenable to a theological interpretation, and its contents {s} to "generalized cognitors" including subatomic particles, sentient organisms, and every material system in between. Unfortunately, above the object level, the validity of s-cognition - the internal processing of sentient subsystems s - depends on the specific cognitive functionability of a given s...the extent to which s can implicitly represent higher-order relations of S. In General Relativity, S is regarded as given and complete; the laws of mathematics and science are taken as pre-existing. On the quantum scale, on the other hand, laws governing the states and distributions of matter and energy do not always have sufficient powers of restriction to fully determine quantum behavior, requiring probabilistic augmentation in the course of quantum wavefunction collapse. This prevents a given s, indeed anything other than S, from enclosing a complete nomology (set of laws); while a complete set of laws would amount to a complete deterministic history of the universe, calling the universe "completely deterministic" amounts to asserting the existence of prior determinative constraints. But this is a logical absurdity, since if these constraints were real, they would be included in reality rather than prior or external to it (by the containment principle). It follows that the universe freely determines its own constraints, the establishment of nomology and the creation of its physical (observable) content being effectively simultaneous and recursive. The incoversive distribution of this relationship is the basis of free will, by virtue of which the universe is freely created by sentient agents existing within it."
http://www.ctmu.org/

The Non-Unique Universe: The purpose of this paper is to elucidate, by means of concepts and theorems drawn from mathematical logic, the conditions under which the existence of a multiverse is a logical necessity in mathematical physics, and the implications of Godel's incompleteness theorem for theories of everything. http://arxiv.org/abs/0907.0216
"A new paradigm for the modelling of reality is currently being developed called Process Physics. In Process Physics we start from the premise that the limits to logic, which are implied by Gdel's incompleteness theorems, mean that any attempt to model reality via a formal system is doomed to failure. Instead of formal systems we use a process system, which uses the notions of self-referential information with self-referential noise and self-organised criticality to create a new type of information-theoretic system that is realising both the current formal physical modelling of reality but is also exhibiting features such as the direction of time, the present moment effect and quantum state entanglement (including EPR effects, nonlocality and contextuality), as well as the more familiar formalisms of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. In particular a theory of Gravity has already emerged. In short, rather than the static 4-dimensional modelling of present day (non-process) physics, Process Physics is providing a dynamic model where space and matter are seen to emerge from a fundamentally random but self-organising system. The key insight is that to adequately model reality we must move on from the traditional non-process syntactical information modelling to a process semantic information modelling; such information is `internally meaningful'. The new theory of gravity which has emerged from Process Physics is in agreement with all experiments and observations. This theory has two gravitational constants: G, the Newtonian gravitational constant, and a second dimensionless constant which experiment has revealed to be the fine structure constant. This theory explains the so-called `dark matter' effect in spiral galaxies, the bore hole gravitational anomalies, the masses of the observed black holes at the centres of globular clusters, and the anomalies in Cavendish laboratory measurements of G. As well it gives a parameter-free account of the supernovae Hubble expansion data without the need for dark energy, dark matter nor accelerating universe. This reveals that the Friedmann equations are inadequate for describing the universe expansion dynamics." http://www.scieng.flinders.edu.au/cpes/people/cahill_r/processphysics.html
"Across the Megaverse What troubles Susskind is an intelligent design argument considerably more vexing than the anti-evolution grumblings recently on trial in Dover, Pa. Biologists can point to unambiguous evidence that evolution truly does happen and that it can account for many otherwise inexplicable aspects of how organisms function. For those who take a more cosmic perspective, however, the appearance of design is not so simply refuted. If gravity were slightly stronger than it is, for instance, stars would burn out quickly and collapse into black holes; if gravity were a touch weaker, stars would never have formed in the first place. The same holds true for pretty much every fundamental property of the forces and particles that make up the universe. Change any one of them and life would not be possible. To the creationist, this cosmic comity is evidence of the glory of God. To the scientist, it is an embarrassing reminder of our ignorance about the origin of physical law." http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/15/books/review/15powell.html?_r=1
"In 1970, a young physicist named Leonard Susskind got stuck in an elevator with Murray Gell-Mann, one of physics' top theoreticians, who asked him what he was working on. Susskind said he was working on a theory that represented particles "as some kind of elastic string, like a rubber band." Gell-Mann responded with loud, derisive laughter. Within a few years, however, many physicists saw string theory as a promising line of research (and Gell-Mann had apologized to Susskind, one of the theory's co-founders). String theory -- which posited the existence of unimaginably tiny, vibrating strands of energy -- evolved into "superstring theory" and then "M theory" (and expanded to include not just strings but wider "membranes"). String theory, broadly defined, became and remains the most prominent candidate to unify the physical world's diverse particles and forces into a single mathematical framework." http://www.rinf.com/news/dec05/string.html
"The black hole information paradox results from the combination of quantum mechanics and general relativity. It suggests that physical information could "disappear" in a black hole, allowing many physical states to evolve into precisely the same state. This is a contentious subject since it violates a commonly assumed tenet of sciencethat in principle complete information about a physical system at one point in time should determine its state at any other time." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox
Stochasticity, Coherence & Self-Determinacy
"Causal evolution of spin networks (2008): A new approach to quantum gravity is described which joins the loop representation formulation of the canonical theory to the causal set formulation of the path integral. The theory assigns quantum amplitudes to special classes of causal sets, which consist of spin networks representing quantum states of the gravitational field joined together by labeled null edges. The theory exists in 3+1, 2+1 and 1+1 dimensional versions, and may also be interepreted as a theory of labeled timelike surfaces. The dynamics is specified by a choice of functions of the labelings of d+1 dimensional simplices, which represent elementary future light cones of events in these discrete spacetimes. The quantum dynamics thus respects the discrete causal structure of the causal sets. In the 1 + 1 dimensional case the theory is closely related to directed percolation models. In this case, at least, the theory may have critical behavior associated with percolation, leading to the existence of a classical limit." http://en.scientificcommons.org/40855829
"It's a Strange World: The Human as Living Time Machine: Schwartz, a Professor of psychology, medicine, neurology, psychiatry and surgery at the University of Arizona and Director of the Human Energy Systems Laboratory, had expressed an interest in how the mind could access information "beyond space and time, " something Sarfatti knew required going outside of accepted theory. Sarfatti had proposed a post-quantum theory based upon the work of the late Professor David Bohm, and noted physicist Anthony Valentini had devised a theory which allowed signals to travel faster than the speed of light. Valentini's work, which is based on the pilot-wave interpretation of quantum theory championed by the late David Bohm, predicted a new kind of non-quantum matter, offering unique and almost magical properties. Sarfatti proposed that the human mind -- the essence of the consciousness experience -- operated "beyond space and time" in a way similar to Valentini's non-quantum matter." http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/43239
The Emergence of Gravity as a Retro-Causal Post-Inflation Macro-Quantum-Coherent Holographic Vacuum Higgs-Goldstone Field (2009, Jack Sarfatti and Creon Levit):
We present a model for the origin of gravity, dark energy and dark matter: Dark energy and dark matter are residual pre-inflation false vacuum random zero point energy (w = -1) of large-scale negative, and short-scale positive pressure, respectively, corresponding to the "zero-point" (incoherent) component of a superfluid (supersolid) ground state. Gravity, in contrast, arises from the 2nd order topological defects in the post-inflation virtual "condensate" (coherent) component. We predict, as a consequence, that the LHC will never detect exotic real on-mass-shell particles that can explain dark matterDM 0.23.We also point out that the future holographic dark energy de Sitter horizon is a total absorber (in the sense of retro-causal Wheeler-Feynman action-at-a-distance electrodynamics) because it is an infinite redshift surface for static detectors. Therefore, the advanced Hawking-Unruh thermal radiation from the future de Sitter horizon is a candidate for the negative pressure dark vacuum energy. http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1742-6596/174/1/012045/jpconf9_174_012045.pdf?request-id=a9bca028-9133-44e7-8821-17ac7c7acb75
Creation, Annihilation & Gyroteleostasis
Time Travel Research Has Begun: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtQfHpB8XHQ
Practical Application for the Negative Time Hypothesis: http://qualight.com/stress/frolov/timehyp.htm
A Conditional Criterion for Identity, Leading to a Fourth Law of Logic (Chronotopology): http://www.cheniere.org/books/aids/appendixIII.htm
A Graph-Theoretic Model for Time: http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/kainen/timegts.pdf
"Pataphysics, an absurdist concept coined by the French writer Alfred Jarry, is a philosophy dedicated to studying what lies beyond the realm of metaphysics. Defined as: "The science of imaginary solutions, which symbolically attributes the properties of objects, described by their virtuality, to their lineaments"

"Reason dreams of an empire of knowledge, a mansion of the mind. Yet sometimes we end up living in a hovel by its side. Reason has shown us our capacity for power, both to create and to destroy. Yet how we use that power rests on our deeper capacities which lie beyond the reach of reason, beyond our traditions and culture, stretching far back into the depths of the evolutionary process that created our species, a process that ultimately asserts the power of life over death. And, ironically, even death, as part of the process of life, asserts that power. That is how we have come into being and now find ourselves committed to the unrelenting struggle of ordinary human existence.

We surely stand at the threshold of a great adventure of the human spirita new synthesis of knowledge, a potential integration of art and science, a deeper grasp of human psychology, a deepening of the symbolic representations of our existence and feelings as given in religion and culture, the formation of an international order based on cooperation and nonviolent competition. It seems not too much to hope for these things.

The future, as always, belongs to the dreamers."

Heinz R. Pagels
The Dreams of Reason
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals
Ranking and Mapping Scientific Knowledge: http://www.eigenfactor.org/top10.htm
The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/
IngentaConnect: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/
IEEE: http://www.ieee.org/
IEEE Computer Society: http://www2.computer.org/portal/web/guest/home
Nature: http://www.nature.com/
Springer: http://www.springer.com/ Japanese Scientific and Technical Journals in the Computing Area:http://www.cs.arizona.edu/projects/japan/table_contents.html
Turpion Publications: Science Journals from Russia: http://www.turpion.org/
Science Direct: http://www.sciencedirect.com/
Elsevier: http://www.elsevier.com/
Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/
Project Euclid: http://www.projecteuclid.org/
Scientific Journals International: http://www.scientificjournals.org/current_issue.htm
SciCentral: http://www.scicentral.com/
arXiv: http://arxiv.org/
Oxford Journals: http://www.oxfordjournals.org/ Universal Access to Human Knowledge: http://www.archive.org/index.php
Directory of Open Access Journals: http://www.doaj.org/
Hindawi Publishing Corporation (150+ Open Access Journals): http://www.hindawi.com/

MIT Press Journals: http://www.mitpressjournals.org/
MIT OpenCourseWare: http://www.core.org.cn/OcwWeb/Brain-and-Cognitive-Sciences/index.htm
Free Online Computer Science and Programming Books, Textbooks, Lecture Notes: http://freetechbooks.com/
New Mathematics and Natural Computation: http://ideas.repec.org/s/wsi/nmncxx.html
The Frontiers Collection: http://www.springerlink.com/content/x23rvt/?v=editorial
Archive Freedom: Addressing the Need for Freedom in Scientific Research:http://www.archivefreedom.org/casehistories.htm
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/ Best Philosophy Journals: http://homepage.mac.com/mcolyvan/journals.html Gigapedia:
http://gigapedia.com/ Scribd:
http://www.scribd.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_Innovation_Networks http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Reaction-diffusion_systems http://www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/nlpc/pattern_formation.html http://www.apmaths.uwo.ca/~mkarttu/turing.shtml http://knol.google.com/k/twain/the-global-brain-singularity-and-360/31fjy9fjsu1x2/19 http://psychology.stanford.edu/~lera/273/zajonc-psychreview-1989.pdf http://books.google.com/books?id=2F4AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA403&dq=isotely&lr= http://books.google.com/books?id=uoAwAAAAIAAJ&q=isotelic&dq=isotelic&lr=&pgis=1 http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=telesis&r=66 http://books.google.com/books?id=4wAfD7Xa94UC&pg=PA381&dq=isotelic http://www.edwardgoldsmith.org/page138.html
Email: http://knol.google.com/k/hamid-javanbakht/isotelesis/2otrbh9a8yuhx/isotelesis@gmail.com http://icon-rids.blogspot.com/2008/08/god-crane.html http://www.isotelesis.org/ [[ct]]: Convert Currency Joliet

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